Porte-cochere

Porte-cochere (pronounced pawrt-koh-shair, pawrt-kuh-shair, pohrt-koh-shair or pohrt-kuh-shair)

(1) A porch or portico-like structure attached to a building through which a horse and carriage (or now a motor vehicle) can pass in order for the occupants to alight under cover, protected from the weather.

(2) A gateway for carriages in a building, leading from the street to an interior court.

1690–1700: From the French porte-cochère, literally “gate for coaches”, the construct being porte (gateway) + cochère (the feminine adjectival form of coche (coach). Porte was from the Latin porta (a gate or entrance) from the Proto-Italic portā, from the primitive Indo-European porteha, from per- (to pass through/over). It was cognate with the Ancient Greek πόρος (póros) (means of passage).  Cochere was from coche (stage-coach), from the Hungarian kocsi, via the German Kutsche or the Italian cocchio (and a doublet of coach) + -ière.  The –French ière suffix was the feminine equivalent of –ier, from the Old & Middle French –ier & -er, from the Latin -ārium, accusative of –ārius.  It was used to form names in many diverse fields such as botany, architecture, ship-building and chemistry.

The Sublime Porte, photographed in 1904.

Later known as The Imperial Gate (Bâb-ı Hümâyûn), the structure leading to the outermost courtyard of Topkapi Palace, was, until the eighteenth century, known as The Sublime Porte.  Known also as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی‎, Romanized as Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali), Sublime Porte was a synecdoche for the central government of the Ottoman Empire in the same manner as the White House (US), Number 10 (UK), the Élysée (France) or the Kremlin (Russia).

The linkage which made the term Sublime Porte synecdochic of the Ottoman regime in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) was an old procedure in which the ruler delivered official pronouncements and sometimes judicial judgments at the gate of his palace of the palace.  It had been a frequent practice of Byzantine Emperors and was later adopted by Orhan I (Orhan Ghazi 1281–1362; second bey of the Ottoman Beylik 1323-1362) and thus the sultan’s palace became known as the Sublime Porte (High Gate).  The named moved with the sultan so after Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, the mystique once attached to the palace in Bursa, moved to the new imperial capital where, leading to the outermost courtyard of the Topkapı Palace, it was known variously as the "High Gate", the "Sublime Porte" or the “Imperial Gate” (Bâb-ı Hümâyûn).  The old imperial practice endures in modern politics as the “doorstop interview” although it’s become popular with politicians because having a lockable door immediately to their rear means there’s an easy and safe path with which to beat a rapid retreat when lies are detected or questions become too difficult.

In fourteenth century Europe, French was the most widely-spoken language and in 1539, the King’s Court declared French to be the official language of government.  It was in this era too that diplomacy began to assume a recognisably modern form with an increasingly consistent use of titles, conventions and institutions and this extended sometimes to architecture.  After Francis I (1494-1547; King of France 1515-1547) and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (Suleiman I (سليمان اول‎) 1494–1566; Sultan of the Ottoman Empire 1520-1566) negotiated a treaty in 1536, the French emissaries walked through the al-Bab al-'Ali (High Gate) to meet with the Sultan’s ministers to place their seals on the document.  Because French was the language of diplomacy, the French translation “Sublime Porte” was immediately adopted in other European chancelleries and became not only the term for the structure but also the synecdoche which served as a metaphor for the government of the Ottoman Empire.  Among locals however, it was often referred to as the “Gate of the Pasha” (paşa kapusu).  Damaged by fire in 1911, the buildings are now occupied by the offices of the Governor of Istanbul.

1967 Mercedes-Benz 600 (W100, 1963-1981) under the porte-cochere, Stamford Plaza Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Port

Port (pronounced pohrt (U) or pawrt (non-U))

(1) A city, town, or other place where ships load or unload.

(2) A place along a coast in which ships may take refuge from storms; harbor.

(3) A place designated in law as a point of entry where persons and merchandise are allowed to pass, by water or land, in and out of a country and where customs officers are stationed to inspect or appraise imported goods.

(4) The left-side of a vessel or aircraft, facing forward (formerly called larboard).

(5) Any of a class of very fortified sweet wines, mostly dark-red, originally from Portugal.

(6) An opening in the side or other exterior part of a ship for admitting air and light or for taking on cargo.

(7) In machinery, an aperture for the passage of steam, air, water etc.

(8) In military use, a small aperture in an armored vehicle, aircraft, or fortification through which a gun can be fired or a camera directed.

(9) In computer hardware, a physical connection (serial, parallel, USB, SCSI etc) to which a peripheral device or a transmission line from a remote terminal can be attached.

(10) In computer software, an address, part of TCP and the IP stack.

(11) The raised centre portion on a bit for horses.

(12) A gate or portal, as in the entrance to a town or fortress (chiefly Scots, now archaic).

(13) In Queensland, Australia, an alternative term for suitcase (increasingly rare).

(14) In computer programming, to modify existing code written for one operating system so it will run on another; a set of files used to build and install a binary executable file from the source code of an application.

(15) The bearing or carriage of one’s self (now archaic, survives as deportment, the once synonymous portance now obsolete).

(16) An abbreviation of Portugal for certain purposes.

(17) In internal combustion engines, an aperture through which (1) the fuel-air mixture passes to reach the inlet valve(s) to the combustion chamber and (2) exhaust gasses from the combustion process pass after exiting through the exhaust valve(s).

(18) In rowing, a “sweep rower” who rows primarily with an oar on the port side.

(19) In the sports of curling & lawn bowls, a space between two stones or bowls wide enough for a delivered stone or bowl to pass through.

(20) In military terminology (also as “at the high port), to hold or carry a weapon with both hands so that it lays diagonally across the front of the body, with the barrel or similar part near the left shoulder and the right hand grasping the small of the stock; to throw the weapon into this position on the command “Port arms!”.

(21) In telephony, to carry or transfer an existing telephone number from one telephone service provider to another.

(22) In law, to transfer a voucher or subsidy from one jurisdiction to another (mostly US use).

(23) In artisan candle-making, a frame for wicks, the word in this context sometimes used generally as a device which hold something in place while being worked on.

(24) In linguistics, an abbreviation of portmanteau.

Pre 900: From the Old English and Middle English port (harbor, haven), reinforced by the Old French port (harbor, port; mountain pass), the Old English and Old French both from the Latin portus (port, harbor (originally "entrance, passage" and figuratively "a place of refuge, asylum")) from the primitive Indo-European pértus (crossing (and thus distantly cognate with ford)) from prtu- (a going, a passage), from the root per- (to lead, pass over) and related to the Sanskrit parayati (carries over), the Ancient Greek poros (journey, passage, way) & peirein (to pierce, to run through), from the Latin porta (gate, door), portāre (passage; to carry) & peritus (experienced), the Avestan peretush (passage, ford, bridge), the Armenian hordan (go forward), the Welsh rhyd (ford), the Old Church Slavonic pariti (to fly), the Old English faran (to go, journey) and the Old Norse fjörðr (inlet, estuary).  The present participle porting, the past participle is ported and the noun plural is ported.

The meaning "gateway; entrance etc" was from the Old English port (portal, door, gate, entrance), from the Old French porte (gate, entrance), from the Latin porta (city gate, gate; door, entrance), from the primitive Indo-European root per-.  The meaning "to carry" was from the Middle French porter, from the Latin portāre (passage; to carry) and is used in this sense still as “ported & porting”;  The use is Queensland, Australia to describe a suitcase as “a port” is fading as the use of regional forms diminishes.  The circa 1300 use to mean of "bearing, mien" (from circa there was the general sense of "external appearance" which extended by the 1520s to the now-archaic sense of "state, style, establishment") is an adaptation of this in the sense of “how one carries (ie deports) oneself” and survives in the word “deportment” (the once synonymous portance is now obsolete); young ladies at finishing school (a kind of training for husband-hunting) would undertake “deportment class” which apparently really did involve learning to walk with a book balanced on the head so the ideal posture could be learned.

Semiotics at sea: The international convention is port (left) is red, starboard (right) is green & stern (aft) is white (ie clear lens).  This rule governs things like navigation lights, chart markings and architectural schematics.

The meaning "left side of a ship" (looking forward from the stern) dates from the 1540s, from the notion of "the side facing the harbor when a ship is docked”.  It replaced backboard, larboard & leeboard to avoid confusion with starboard when in oral use, eventually confirmed by regulatory order of the Admiralty order in 1844 and US Navy Department in 1846.  The origin of the left-right (larboard/starboard) convention in maritime matters is in the ancient vessels which had a (permanently attached) steering oar on the right, thus dictating the need to moor with the left side parallel with the dock or wharf.  The configuration seems to have been standardized in the early vessels of many cultures because the vast majority of the human population seems long to have been right-handed.  Starboard was from the Middle English sterbord, stere-bourd & stere-burd, from Old English stēorbord, from the Proto-West Germanic steurubord (the construct of all forms steer +‎ board.  The use as an adjective is noted from 1857 but oral use likely pre-dated this.  Interestingly, in 1887, a US report noted “port” had replaced “larboard” among all classes of sailors except the whalers harvesting in the Atlantic and South Pacific although the new term was used in the Arctic fleets.

Lindsay Lohan approaching port while sitting slightly to starboard, Vanity Fair photo shoot, Marina del Rey, California, October 2010.  The location was the Sovereign, a motor yacht built in 1961 for the film star Judy Garland (1922-1969).

The figurative sense "place of refuge" is noted from the early fifteenth century, the phrase “any port in a storm” (any refuge is welcomed in adversity) first documented since 1749 but it’s likely it was in the oral use of sailors and others much earlier.  The “port of call” dates from 1810 and is a location scheduled for a visit by a ship; it’s used by both the military and civil shipping.  The phrase “first port of call” can be either a literal description of the first place a ship (or by extension other forms of transport) is to visit or figuratively “the default or usually choice of option”.  The porthole (opening in the side of a ship) dates from circa 1300 and is documented in the terminology of naval architects since 1506; the original use in warships was to describe the embrasures in the side of the ship through which cannons were fired.  What are now thought of as portholes in ships were (from 1788) originally called “air-ports” on the basis they were a "small opening in the side of a ship to admit air and light.

A mid-century modern car port.  The car is a Mercedes-Benz (R107) SL.

A portreeve (from the Middle English port-reve, from the Old English portgerēfa, the construct being port (a walled market town) +‎ gerēfa (reeve (a local official)) was variously a mayor, bailiff magistrate or warder in a port or maritime town; the equivalent office in inland settlements was the borough-reeve (mayor).  The difference was the specific duties attached to officials in places with ports.  The carport (also as also car-port), an adaptation of the French porte-cochère, was formalized in the jargon of architecture in 1939, referring to the practice of lean-to roofs being added to houses to afford weather-protection to cars.  It had become common practice as car ownership grew and many properties couldn’t accommodate a separate garage, or in the case of multiple-vehicle ownership, it couldn’t be enlarged.  The carport became a favourite of modernist architects who tended often to object to space which could be allocated to people being “wasted” on a car but in the affluent post-war years, became a class-identifier, the carport thought a symbol of poverty compared with the integrated or stand-alone double garage.  Portsider (left-handed person) dates from 1913 and was US baseball slang although, technically, it referred to those who batted left-handed rather than left-handers per se (as in cricket, there are right-handers who bat left-handed).  The distinction also existed in boxing, a southpaw originally a fighter who “leads with the left” rather than a left-hander although that does seem to be the modern use.

This is the portable loo of Kim Jong-un, (b 1984, Supreme Leader of the DPRK (North Korea) since 2011) which travels with the Supreme Leader when he visits places in the DPRK (to view missile tests etc).  In commercial parlance, these are known as portaloos.  Note the soldier stationed outside the loo, there to guard against anyone attempting to share the Supreme Leader’s facilities (it’s said the soldier has orders to “shoot to kill”).  Proof of existence of Kim III's portable loo solved one mystery which had divided genetcists and the medical community.  In a biography of the Supreme Leader's father (Kim II: Kim Jong-il (1941–2011; The Dear Leader of DPRK 1994-2011), it had been revealed The Dear Leader was not subject to bowel movements, never needing to defecate or urinate but it was not known if this is was genetic characteristic of the dynasty and therefore enjoyed also by The Supreme Leader.  Now we know.  The noun and adjective portable was from the Middle French portable, from the Latin portabilis.

Seaport describes a port which is costal rather than one on the banks of a river or the shore of a lake.  The airport (facility for commercial air transport) dates from 1902 and became (at lease in civilian use) the preferred description of the place where aircraft arrive and depart (although airfield, field, aerodrome, airstrip, airdrome & landing strip seem still sometimes to find a niche).  Airport came into regular use in 1919 (the use in reference to airships in 1902 was a one-off) and was used first to describe Bader Field, outside Atlantic City, New Jersey which opened in 1910.  The older word for such a place was aerodrome which had an interesting history, coined originally to mean “flying machine” from the Ancient Greek ἀεροδρόμος (aerodrómos) (traversing the air), the newer sense analogous with the French hippodrome, from the Latin hippodromos, from the Ancient Greek ἱππόδρομος (hippódromos), the construct being ἵππος (hippos) (horse) + δρόμος (dromos) (course).  Airport shouldn’t be hyphenated to avoid confusion with the earlier (1788) air-port which is now a ship’s porthole.

Penfords Great Grandfather Rare Tawny gift box, US$244 per 750 ml.

The use to describe the sweet, dark-red wine was from circa 1695, a shortening of Oporto, the city in northwest Portugal from which the wine originally was shipped to England (from O Porto (literally “the port”).  French wines had been preferred in England but various squabbles had for some time almost excluded them, not least because, with anti-French feeling high during the reign of Queen Anne (1665–1714; Queen variously of England, Scotland, Ireland & Great Britain 1702-1714), English politicians ran nasty “don’t buy French” campaigns.  Paul Methuen (circa 1672–1757), the English minister-resident in Lisbon, negotiated a reciprocal agreement (part of the Methuen Treaty of 1703) whereby low tariffs would be imposed on Portuguese wines in exchange for a similar accommodation on English textiles.  Portuguese wine merchants decided to stimulate trade further by spiking port wine with brandy, thereby increasing the alcohol content which gradually induced a change in the national taste and accounts for why to this day English port is stronger.  The other alcohol-related use is porter, a dark style of beer developed in London well-hopped beers made from brown malt, or well-roasted barely.  It’s un-related to port wine or Portugal and gained its eighteenth century name from the popularity the brew enjoyed among street and river porters, porters in that context being the people employed to carry or move luggage, freight etc, a use which survives in hotels, railway stations etc.

Tunnel port heads

Long rendered obsolete by modern fuel delivery systems and advances in the understanding of fluid dynamics, tunnel port heads were an attempt to remove one fundamental drawback of pushrod-activated valves in overhead valve (OHV) engines with crossflow cylinder heads: the restriction the pushrod path imposes on intake port size and shape.  Historically, the shape and size of intake ports was compromised by the need to make room for the pushrod passing from the centre of the engine to the valve lifters above the combustion chambers.  This meant it was rarely possible for intake ports to assume what was thought to be the ideal size and shape for high performance applications.

Ford’s solution in 1965 was a brass tube to house the pushrod, passing directly through the intake port, permitting the port to be as large as possible.  Dubbed the “tunnel port”, surprisingly, flow-tests proved the tube was no impediment to gas movement and the design proved successful, both in the Le Mans winning GT40s and the Galaxies on the NASCAR circuits.  Those however were big-block 427 cubic inch (7 litre) engines and the sheer size of the things disguised the inherent limitation of huge ports: the reduced velocity of gas-flow at low engine speeds which consequently produced power and torque curves unimpressive except high in the rev-range, where they were impressive indeed.  In 1969, needing more power from the small-block (Windsor) 302 cubic inch (4.9 litre) engines used in the Trans-Am series, Ford bolted on tunnel port heads, the results disastrous.  Gas flowed effortlessly and top-end power was prodigious but the cars were used on circuits and, unlike the NASCAR ovals, a broad power-band was needed and the tunnel port 302s were forced to operate at engine speeds apparently beyond the block’s capacity to survive.  The project was soon abandoned.

1968 Ford Mustang 302 tunnel port, Car & Driver comparison test with Chevrolet Camaro Z/28, March 1968.

However, the tunnel port 302s have a charisma and retain a cult-following to this day, the defenders maintaining the failures were only indirectly related to the innovative heads, citing the oiling system which was inadequate to supply the bottom end of the engine under the high lateral loads experienced.  The early versions sucked in a lot of air which caused the bearings to starve for lubrication although this was quickly resolved with the installation of dual-pickup systems.  That bottom end was anyway insufficiently strong to withstand the high engine speeds the tunnel-ports mad possible.  Before long, the race drivers were being told to limit the rpm (revolutions-per-minute (engine speed)) but that defeated the very purpose of the tunnel port.  Many also note that the 302 TPs were built on Ford’s standard engine assembly line whereas the 427 TPs were lovingly hand-assembled by a dedicated crew in a separate facility.  Race teams were used to being able to blueprint and rebuilt engines to with precise clearances using exactly weighted components but were told to use the 302 TPs just as they were delivered.  There seems no doubt there were quality and assembly problems with the engines and those who have subsequently (and for decades) used them in competition (after blueprinting and careful assembly) have reported a high level of reliability.

1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302.

In 1968 however, Ford’s engineers returned to the drawing board, adapting the canted-valve heads from their new small block V8 (Cleveland or 335 series) to sit atop the 302 Windsor.  Their efforts succeeded, the less exotic Boss 302 couldn’t match the tunnel port for top-end power but the torque curve meant it was more suitable for use in the road cars which had to be built in the volume necessary to fulfil the Trans Am homologation rules.  It proved a paragon of reliability.

427 FE tunnel-port cylinder head (upper) showing the hollow brass tunnel passing directly through the intake port compared with a standard 427 FE (lower).