Toggle

Toggle (pronounced tog-uhl)

(1) A pin, bolt, or rod placed transversely through a chain, an eye or loop in a rope etc, as to bind it temporarily to another chain or rope similarly treated.

(2) In various types of machinery, a toggle joint, or a device having one.

(3) An ornamental, rod-shaped button for inserting into a large buttonhole, loop, or frog, used especially on sports clothes.

(4) In theatre, a wooden batten across the width of a flat, for strengthening the frame (Also called the toggle rail).

(5) In engineering and construction, a metal device for fastening a toggle rail to a frame (also called a toggle iron.); a horizontal piece of wood that is placed on a door, flat, or other wooden structure, but is not on one of the edges of the structure; an appliance for transmitting force at right angles to its direction.

(6) To furnish with a toggle or to bind or fasten with a toggle.

(7) In informal use, to turn, twist, or manipulate a toggle switch; dial or turn the switch of a device (often in the form “to toggle between” alternate states).

(8) A type of switch widely used in motor vehicles until outlawed by safety legislation in the 1960s.

(9) In admiralty jargon, a wooden or metal pin, short rod, crosspiece or similar, fixed transversely in the eye of a rope or chain to be secured to any other loop, ring, or bight.

In computer operating systems and applications, an expression indicating a switch of view, contest, feed, option et al.

(11) In sky-diving, a loop of webbing or a dowel affixed to the end of the steering & brake lines of a parachute providing a means of control.

(12) In whaling, as toggling harpoon, a pre-modern (believed to date from circa 5300 BC) harvesting tool used to impale a whale when thrown.

1769: In the sense of a "pin passed through the eye of a rope, strap, or bolt to hold it in place" it’s of unknown origin but etymologists agree it’s of nautical origin (though not necessarily from the Royal Navy) thus the speculation that it’s a frequentative form of “tug” or “to tug” (in the sense of “to pull”), the evolution influenced by regional (or class-defined) pronunciations similar to tog.  The wall fastener was first sold in 1934 although the toggle bolt had been in use since 1994.  The term “toggle switch” was first used in 1938 although such devices had long been in use in the electrical industry and they were widely used in motor vehicles until outlawed by safety legislation in the 1960s.  In computing, toggle was first documented in 1979 when it referred to a keyboard combination which alternates the function between on & off (in the sense of switching between functions or states as opposed to on & off in the conventional sense).  The verb toggle dated from 1836 in the sense of “make secure with a toggle” and was a direct development from the noun.  In computing, the toggle function (“to toggle back and forth between different actions") was first described in 1982 when documenting the embryonic implementations of multi-tasking (then TSRs (terminate & stay resident programs).  Toggle is a noun, verb & adjective, toggled & toggling are verbs, toggler, toggery and (the rare) togglability are nouns and togglable (the alternative spelling is toggleable) is an adjective; the noun plural is toggles.  Use of the mysterious togglability (the quality of being togglable) seems to be restricted to computer operating systems to distinguish between that which can be switched between and that which is a stand-alone function which must be loaded & terminated.

The Jaguar E-Type (XKE) and the toggle switches

1964 Jaguar E-Type roadster

Jaguar’s E-Type (XKE), launched at the now defunct Geneva Motor Show in 1961, was one of the more seductive shapes ever rendered in metal.  Enzo Ferrari (1898-1988) was at the show and part of E-Type folklore is he called it “the most beautiful car in the world”.  Whether those words ever passed his lips isn’t certain because the sources vary slightly in detail and il Commendatore apparently never confirmed or denied the sentiment but it’s easy to believe and many to this day agree.  If just looking at the thing was something visceral then driving one was more than usually tactile and more than sixty years on, the appeal remains, even if some aspects in the early models (such as the attractive but frankly uncomfortable seats and the the rather agricultural (no synchromesh on first gear) Moss gearbox were a little too tactile.

1962 Jaguar E-Type roadster with toggle switches.

Another feature of the early (1961-1967) cars admired both for their appearance and pleasure of operation touch was the centrally-located array of toggle switches which controlled functions such as lighting and windscreen wipers.  Even by the slight standards of the 1960s, ergonomically the arrangement wasn’t ideal but, sitting under the gauges, it was an elegant and impressive look the factory would retain across the range for more than a decade, the E-type using the layout until production ended in 1974 (and it endured on the low-volume Daimler DS420 limousine until 1992).  However, while the layout survived, the toggle switches did not, the protruding sharpness judged dangerous by the NHSB (the National Highway Safety Bureau (which in 1970 became the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the newly established Department of Transportation) which, since the publication of Ralph Nader’s (b 1934) Unsafe at any Speed (1965) had begun to write legislation which stipulated standards for automobile safety, this in parallel with the growing body of law designed to reduce emissions.

1970 Jaguar E-Type roadster with rocker switches.

In 1968, the new wave of legislation applied almost exclusively to vehicles sold in the US but such was the importance of that market it made little sense for Jaguar to continue to produce a separate line with toggle switches for sale in other countries so the decision was taken to standardize on the flatter, more rounded rocker switches.  At much the same time, other changes were made to ensure the E-Type on sale in 1968 would conform also to a number of other new rules, the most obvious being the banning of the lovely covered headlights which necessitated their replacement with higher-mounted units in a scalloped housing.  In view of the extent of the changes required, it was decided to designate the updated cars as the “Series 2” (S2) E-Type.  Despite the perceptions of some, now fuelled by internet posts and re-posts, by 1967 Jaguar, while not a mass-production operation along the lines of a computerized Detroit assembly line, had long since ceased to be a cottage industry and as a change was made in a model’s specification, that was applied to all production after a certain date.  Despite the factory’s records documenting this the urban myths continue to circulate, stimulated by “unicorns” such as the handful of 3.8 litre Mark 2 sedans built after 1967 when the line was rationalized (as the 240 & 340) and restricted to the 2.4 & 3.4 litre XK-Six; those 3.8s were “special orders” and not ad-hoc aberrations from the line.  However, nothing in the era has resulted in as much speculation & misinformation as the specification of what came (unofficially) to be called the Series 1.25 & 1.5 E-Types, the most common myth being that before S2 production proper began, some cars left the factory with a sometimes unpredictable mix of S1 & S2 parts, this haphazardness accounted for by the expedient of “using up stock”.  In the industry, (even in computerized Detroit) the practice was not unknown but there’s now no doubt it never applied to the 1967 E-Types.  Continuous product development had been a long Jaguar practice and for the S1 E-Type there were revised seats, a larger (4.2 litre) engine and fully synchronized gearbox but there were also (sometimes unannounced) minor changes and improvements, many of which meant certain features (such as the “flat floor”, the unique aluminum interior trim on the early-build cars, the type of hood (bonnet) louvers and the external hood latches) became markers of rarity and thus desirability to collectors.  Noted among these collectors is the phenomenon of “overlap”: a Jaguar might be found to include some “later” or “earlier” features than the build date would indicate should be fitted.  It's part of the charm of the breed but it’s thought to be the result of the recorded “build date” reflecting when a car passed the final quality control checks so one with an earlier chassis number could be returned for rectification, thus picking up what appears to be an “out-of-sequence” date.  

The pure lines of the S1 E-Type (top) were diluted, front and rear, by the need to comply with US safety legislation, the later head & taillights more clunky.  The collector market slang for the later headlight treatment is "sugar scoop".

The process by which S1 evolved into S2 was transitional which is why the designations S1.25 & 1.5 became accepted; not used by the factory, they’re said to have been “invented” by JCNA (Jaguar Clubs of North America).  The S1.25 run began on 11 January 1967 after production resumed following the Christmas holiday and these were a batch for the North American (NA) market (US & Canada) which featured the open headlights but were otherwise built to the same specification as the other S1 cars built for the rest of the world (RoW) which continued to be equipped with the glass covers, toggle switches, triple SU carburetors, polished aluminum cam covers, teardrop taillights and so on.  The S1.5 entered production early in August 1967 (for the 1968 US model-year) and were distinguished by raised open headlights (the "sugar scoops" without glass covers), rocker switches, twin Zenith-Stromberg carburetors replaced the triple SUs (on cars exported to North America) and other detail changes although the teardrop tail lights were still fitted.  The switch from three to two carburetors was necessitated by the emission control regulations and the claimed horsepower dropped from 265 to 246 hp; while not many took the original rating too seriously but the down-rating was reflected in the drop in performance, especially in the upper speed ranges.

Jaguar E-Type: S1 with covered headlight light (left), S1.25 with early "sugar scoop" (centre) and S2 with later "sugar scoop" (right). 

After the headlight covers were legislated to extinction, the replacement apparatus on the E-Types came to be called “sugar scoops”, a term earlier used for the Volkswagens & Porsches sold in North America US market which had to be fitted with sealed-beam headlights because of protectionist rules designed for the benefit of US manufacturers.  The use of “sugar scoop” for the E-Type was appropriate because the visual link with the original utensil was much more obvious than on the Volkswagens & Porsches.

A US market 1977 Porsche 911 (1964-1989), fitted with the front bumper assembly of a later 911 (964 (1989-1994)):  The original “sugar scoops” are seen on the left and the replacement Hella H4 lights are to the right (in RoW cars both H2 & H4 units were fitted).  The sugar scoop (centre) is Japanese, circa 1970s.  Sugar scoops are used to scoop sugar from a “sugar scuttle” whereas if one’s sugar is in a “sugar bowl”, a “sugar spoon” is used.  The difference between a “sugar spoon” and a “tea spoon” is the former has a deeper and usually more rounded bowl and most are supplied as part of a “tea set” or “tea service”, often with the same decorative elements.

Finally, the S2 cars proper appeared for the 1968 model year with revised sugar scoop headlights (mounted higher still), taillights below the bumpers, the “knock-off” wheel hubs replaced with “curly” hubs and a number of detail & mechanical changes including RoW adoption of the twin carburettors.  In the collector market, it's the S1 cars which are most coveted and what seems to have muddied the waters is a number of S1.25 & 1.5 E-Types have been retro-fitted with the covered headlights (a bigger and more expensive task than it sounds) and because so many reproduction items have over the years been produced, some later cars have during restoration been fitted with toggle switches.  Such is the appeal of the covered headlights that although the E-Type market is monitored by the originality police (the “matching numbers” crowd which have an extraordinary knowledge of things like “correct” hose clamps or screw heads), there seems to be much untypical forgiveness for “back-dating” headlights to the sleeker look.

Norway’s Motorhistorisk Klubb Drammen (Historic Car Club of Drammen) from Buskerud county reported on an exhibition hosted on 2 July 2014 by the Norsk motorhistorisk museu (Norwegian Motor Historic Museum) in the village of Brund, the event honoring Lindsay Lohan’s birthday.  The S1.5 Jaguar E-Type was recently restored but it would require a detailed examination to determine whether (note the triple carburetors) it remains in exactly the original specification.  Given the location this may have been a RoW car there’s a a lively two-way trans-Atlantic trade in E-Types (many now restored in Poland) so it may originally have been sold in the US or Canada.

The “Shaguar” used in the three Austin Powers movies (1997, 1999 & 2002) was a (US market) 1967 S1.5 E-Type which thus featured the combination of teardrop taillights, "sugar scoop" headlights, rocker switches and twin Zenith-Stromberg carburettors.