Cognac
(pronounced kohn-yak, or kaw-nyak (French))
(1) The brandy distilled in and shipped from the
legally delimited area surrounding the town of Cognac, in western-central
France (often with initial capital letters).
(2) Any French brandy (now technically incorrect
since passage of various laws and WTO rules).
(3) Any expensive brandy (also incorrect).
(4) A town in south-west France famed for the brandy
distilled from grapes grown in the region.
(5) A descriptor used for a range of brown shades from earthy to reddish-brown.
1585-1595: Borrowed from French Coniacke, (wine produced in Cognac region
of western France), cognac’s origin was as a distilling of an otherwise unsaleable
white wine. The term Cognac brandy was
in use as early as the 1680s and the sense of it being “a superior brandy” dates
from 1755. The city's name is from
Medieval Latin Comniacum, from the personal
name Cominius + the Gallo-Roman
suffix -acum (from -aceus (indicating
a resemblance). Cominius is an old Italic family name.
James Suckling 100 points crystal cognac glass from Lalique.Although the traditional balloon glass was long
associated with brandy and cognac, the distillers now advise the best choice is
actually a “tulip” glass because it permits the aromas better to waft to the
nose. That's the most important part in
enjoying Cognac; it's not so much drunk as breathed in, consumed mostly by a
mere moistening of the lips while slowly but deeply inhaling; a nip of cognac can last a long time. Enjoyed thus, it really should be taken
neat.
Named after the town of Cognac, France and known
within the trade also as eau de vie, cognac is a brandy produced in any of the
designated growing regions approved by the Bureau
National Interprofessionnel du Cognac (BNIC). In a pleasing irony, it’s
distilled from an extremely dry, thin and acidic white wine thought undrinkable
and unsuitable even for cooking yet which is ideal for distilling. Grand Marnier, the cognac-based liqueur, from
the French grand (great) + Marnier-Lapostolle (name of the manufacturer)
was first sold in 1901.
Although the BNIC is the body which writes the
rules and controls production, the industry is regulated under the French Appellation d'origine contrôlée which
codifies all regulations including the naming requirements. One linguistic curiosities of the quintessentially
French business of cognac business is the official grades (XO, VSOP etc) are in
English because they were standardised in the eighteenth century when the trade
was dominated by the British, even before Pax Britannia’s control of the sea
lanes. The BNIC’s categories are:
VS (Very Special), denoted
usually by the three stars (☆☆☆) on
the label, VS designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been cask-aged
for a minimum of two years.
VSOP (Very Superior Old Pale), still
often (though now less frequently) called Reserve,
designates a blend in which the youngest has been cask-aged for a minimum of two years. VSOP is sometimes incorrectly cited as Very Special Old Port or Very Special Over Proof.
Napoléon designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been cask-aged for
a minimum of six years. Although long
used as a marketing term (often as a synonym for XO), Napoléon was
never part of the official naming system of Cognacs, appearing only in recent
years, when, as a transitional arrangement due to stocks not being sufficient
to permit implementation of a change in the rule governing use of the XO label,
it was used specifically to denote those blends which, while aged the requisite
six years, did not in other ways conform with the revised XO specifications. Slated originally for introduction in 2016,
the revised rules were instead gazetted in 2018.
XO (Extra Old), designates
a blend in which the youngest brandy has been cask-aged for a minimum of ten
years.
XXO (Extra Extra Old), designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been cask-aged for
a minimum of fourteen years.
Hors d'âge (Beyond Age), designates
a blend, at least functionally equivalent to XO, but is applied by distillers to
a cognac with some special characteristics which distinguish it in some way.
The
naming conventions aren’t as old as the spirit.
When first produced from un-aged distilled grape wine from the Charente
in the early 1600s, there was no system of ageing designations and it was sold
simply as brandy, or, from the 1680s, Cognac brandy. By century’s end however, the wine houses began
storing the brandy in barrels of oak and to distinguish the aged product, this was called “old”, the un-aged, “young”.
The now familiar, hierarchical naming regime for the oak-aged spirit didn't begin until a batch called VSOP (Very Special Old Pale) was bottled
for the Prince of Wales (George Augustus Frederick, 1762–1830; King George IV
of Great Britain 1820-1830).
Lindsay Lohan color-co-ordinated in cognac (hair, eyes, outfit & nails), Christian Siriano Spring 2023 Collection Show, New York Fashion Week, February 2023.The
French wine industry was little-regulated until the phylloxera (a type of aphid)
crisis of the mid-nineteenth century induced the government in 1888 to create
the Viticulture Committee with a remit which grew gradually from disease
control to encompass other regulatory aspects of the industry. One concern was the widespread counterfeiting
of cognac and in 1909 a decree was issued which defined the “Cognac”
appellation area as the eight Cognac vintages named in a map based upon the work
of geologist and paleontologist Henri Coquand (1813-1881). It’s that map which remains the basis of the
rule that cognac can only be produced within a delimited geographical area,
defined by the 1909 decree which meant the “Cognac”, “Eau-de-vie de Cognac”,
and “Eau-de-vie des Charentes” appellations are restricted exclusively to wine
spirits grown and distilled within the defined regions of Charente-Maritime and
Charente, as well as several villages in the Dordogne and Deux-Sèvres
departments.
Later,
the regulatory body was the National
Bureau of Distribution of Cognac Wines and Eaux (NBDCWE) which in 1936 defined
the conditions for the production of eaux-de-vie giving rise to the “cognac”
appellation and two years later re-defined the appellation area, commune by
commune, vintage by vintage. The 1936
ruling outlined the requirements for distilled wine or brandy to be considered Cognac, mandating (1) the product must originate in the Cognac Appellation d’origine contrôlée (AOC) mapped that year, (2)
that the grapes used to make cognac must come from one of the six designated
growing areas (crus) located in the Cognac region (the six crus including Borderies,
Fins Bois, Bons Bois and Bois Ordinaires, Bois à terroirs, Grande Champagne
and Petite Champagne), (3) that the
grapes must come from one of the six approved appellations and (4), the cognac
must be made from grapes blended from 90% eau de vie from Ugni Blanc, Folle Blanche and Colombard grapes with up to 10% Folignan,
Jurancon blanc, Blanc Rame, Montils or Semillon
grapes.
The
NBDCWE was in 1946 replaced by the NIBC and in 1983 it formalized the long-established
designations used to classify cognacs by age.
The designations are determined by the youngest eau-de-vie blended in
the Cognac, thus nothing may be represented as cognac unless it has been aged
at least two years (the VS (Very Special standard)). The distillers may sell younger eau-de-vie as
brandy (for example Rémy Martin’s Rémy V) but not labelled as cognac. The
point of the designations being based on the youngest part of the blend is
significant in that a VS cognac may contain a proportion of much older eau-de-vie. It’s for that reason some cognacs are sold
without an official designation attached, if it’s thought by the house the
label might confuse or inaccurately portray nature of the blend. Rémy Martin’s 1738 Royal Accord by contains
eau-de-vie aged between four & twenty years and thus, technically, is a VSOP but the house chose to forego a designation because it would tend to undersell
the value of blend which included eaux-de-vie aged up to twenty years.
Most
expensive: Henri IV Dudognon Heritage Cognac Grande Champagne. Listed at almost US$2 million, it’s bottled
in crystal which is dipped in 24-karat gold and Sterling platinum with 6,500
certified cut diamonds as decoration.
Said now to be aimed at the Middle-East market since the Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) Politburo cracked down on such
extravagances, it’s assumed not many mix this with Coca-Cola.
Highly
regarded: Remy Martin’s Louis XIII Grande Champagne Très Vieille Age Inconnu (pre-1950). There was an official price list on which
this appeared but, because of limited supply, it’s really only indicative and most
sell at auction, the highest known paid for a decanter thought to be the US$44,630
achieved in a private Hong Kong sale in 2013.
Most
fancy box: Camus Cuvee 5.150. Camus use
a sequential numbering system for their more interesting releases, the 5.150
the fifth release in their master collection which marked the company’s sesquicentenary
(150 years). With production limited to a run of 1,482, thoughtfully the crystal decanter was supplied with a brace of tasting
glasses, presumably to dissuade those buyers tempted to drink straight from the
bottle. According to Camus, the 5.150 is
a blend of five distinct and rare eaux-de-vie from five different regions and
is unique in the history of cognac. A bottle
was listed at US$13,500.
Most
interesting choice of packaging materials: Hennessy Beaute du Siecle Cognac. Unusually in an
industry which tends to favor creations made from precious metals and stones
when packaging its more extravagant products, Hennessy’s most expensive cognac comes
in a one litre bottle and a container styled in the manner of an art deco
jewel-box, rendered in aluminum and bronze.
Limited to an edition of one-hundred and priced at US$194,927, the designer was French
artist Jean-Michel Othoniel (b 1964).
Most
expensive by the glass: Croizet Cognac Leonie 1858. General Eisenhower is said on
the eve of the D-Day landings in 1944 to have shared a couple of nips of the
1858 with Winston Churchill, the bottle liberated from somewhere. One sold at auction in 2011 for US$156,760 but
for a more manageable US$8,764, it’s available by the glass (a 40 ml (1.3 oz) nip) at the InterContinental in
Hong Kong. Founded in 1805, Croizet is one of the older cognac houses and bottles only single vintages, a
rarity in the industry but not even they can replicate the original. It was distilled with grapes picked from vines with a lineage back to those planted by Julius
Caesar’s armies in 55 BC and is the only cognac of its kind left because the vines were destroyed in the great phylloxera crisis
of the 1870s. At US$8,764 a nip, supply is
dwindling slowly but, once gone, that’s it. To encourage consumption, the InterContinental
Hong Kong’s Lobby Lounge uses it in what’s claimed to be the world’s most
expensive cocktail, the US$13,919 Winston which includes also Grand Marnier,
Chartreuse VEP and Angostura bitters. Better
value for money is probably the hotel’s VVIP Presidential Suite Cognac Croizet Experience
which, for US$166,117, includes a two-night stay in the Presidential Suite, a
bottle of the 1858, a paired menu created by their
Executive Chef and exclusive access to the Cognac Croizet vineyards for up to
four people in Charentes, near Bordeaux. During the one-night stay, there's a tour
of the estate, gourmet dining and a cognac-blending tutorial from the cellar
master.
Best
value: Frapin Château Fontpinot XO. It tends to retail around US$175 (US$2000 a
dozen)) and is one of the most rewarding XO blends. Although many treat the language of wine
tasting with some derision, just inhaling the vapors of the Fontpinot XO really does summon thoughts of dark chocolate, still juicy dried fruit, warm caramel and
herbs. There are many more expensive cognacs with a similar taste but few match the endless
aromatics of this one. It’s a economical purchase too
because one tends to neglect drinking, just to longer enjoy breathing it in.
Oldest
vintage sold at auction: Gautier Cognac 1762. In 2020, a bottle of Gautier Cognac 1762, the largest of the three known
still to exist, was sold by Sotheby’s for US$144,525. In 1762, Britain was entering the Seven
Years’ War, Catherine II was empress of Russia, Mozart was six years old and George
Washington had just turned thirty.
Cognac remains cheap by auction standards, the record price achieved by
wine being the US$558,000 realized by a 1945 Romanee-Conti while ancient bottles
of single-malt Scotch whisky have sold for almost US$2 million. The new owner was described only as “an Asian
private collector” and Sotheby’s added the buyer would get to “enjoy a bespoke
experience at Maison Gautier, courtesy of the distillery” as part of his
winning bid.
The
future of the contents isn’t known but the auction house claimed, though some two-hundred and sixty years on, it should still be
drinkable.
Their expert revealed the opinion is based on (1) the ullage (level of
liquid inside) which was high, suggesting that the seal had not been
compromised so evaporation was thus minimal and (2) a pleasing OBE (old bottle effect),
the quality of which is determined by whether it imparts either a pleasant “tropical”
note or the less appealing “porridge-y” sound.
He did add however that because glass isn’t entirely inert, it would
have imparted some flavor of its own.
That notwithstanding, he suspected the depth of flavor from grapes grown
on ancient root stock could give the spirit a complexity different from that known in the
modern era.