Belt (pronounced belt)
(1) A band of flexible material, as leather or cord, used
for encircling the waist, historically to in some way secure a garment (coat or
trousers) but also as a decorative or functional (tool belt, utility belt, gun
belt etc) item.
(2) In any context, any encircling or transverse band,
strip, or stripe.
(3) In geography, an elongated region having distinctive
properties or characteristics.
(4) In machinery, an endless flexible band passing about
two or more pulleys, used to transmit motion from one pulley to the other or
others or to convey materials and objects.
(5) In (usually military) ballistics, a cloth strip with
loops or a series of metal links with grips, for holding cartridges fed into an
automatic gun.
(6) A band of leather or webbing, worn around the waist
and used as a support for weapons, ammunition etc.
(7) In naval architecture, a series of armor plates
forming part of the hull of a warship.
(8) In construction, a broad, flexible strip of rubber,
canvas, wood, etc., moved along the surface of a fresh concrete pavement to put
a finish on it after it has been floated.
(9) A road, railroad, or the like, encircling an urban
center to handle peripheral traffic (as beltway also used in political
discourse).
(10) In slang, a hard blow or hit (often in the forms
belted or belting), either a person or an object (the latter noted especially
in bat & ball sports).
(11) In slang, a shot of liquor, especially as swallowed
in one gulp (often in the form “a quick belt”).
(12) In tyre technology, strip of material used in tyre
construction, placed between the carcass and the tread for reinforcement (in
the forms steel-belted & fabric-belted).
(13) In sport, in a color based ascendency (brown, black
etc), a ranking system in various martial arts).
(14) In sport (notably boxing), a form of trophy worn by
the holder of a title (WBO Heavyweight Belt, IBF Cruiserweight Belt etc).
(15) As seat belt, an apparatus used in air, sea &
land vehicles to secure a passenger, pilot, driver etc in place.
(16) To gird or furnish with a belt.
(17) To surround or mark as if with a belt or band.
(18) In slang, as “belt out”, loudly (though not
necessarily pleasingly) to sing or, as “belting along”, rapidly to proceed.
(19) In cricket, as “belter”, a description of a placid
pitch ideal for batting and offering little assistance to bowlers.
(20) In astronomy, a collection of small bodies (such as
asteroids) which orbit a star; one of certain girdles or zones on the surface
of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, supposed to be of the nature of clouds.
(21) In baseball, the part of the strike zone at the
height of the batter's waist.
(22) In music, a vocal tone produced by singing with
chest voice above the break (or passaggio),
in a range typically sung in head voice.
(23)To invest a person with a belt as part of a formal
ceremony (even one where as physical belt is not involved or even a historic
part).
Pre 1000: From the Middle English belt, from the Old English belt
(belt; girdle; broad, flat strip or strap of material used to encircle the
waist), from the Proto-Germanic baltijaz
(girdle, belt) (source also of the Old High German balz, the Old Norse balti &
belti and the Swedish bälte), an early Germanic borrowing from
the Latin balteus (belt, girdle, sword-belt)
which may be of Etruscan origin. It was
cognate with the Scots belt (belt), the
Dutch belt, the German Balz (belt), the Danish bælte (belt), the Swedish bälte (belt, cincture, girdle, zone) and
the Icelandic belti (belt). Synonyms
vary according to context including circle, girdle, surround (to encircle), buckle,
fasten, strap (to fasten a belt); bash, clobber, smack, wallop. strap, thrash,
whip (to hit with a belt); gulp, slurp, guzzle (rapidly to drink); speed, whiz,
zoom (rapidly to move). Belt is a noun
& verb, belted is a verb & adjective, belting is a noun, verb &
adjective and belter is a noun; the noun plural is belts.
The verb emerged in the early fourteenth century in
the sense of “to fasten or gird with a belt” and was derived from the
noun. The meaning "to thrash (as
with a belt)" was from the 1640s while the general sense of "to hit,
thrash" seems not to have been used until 1838. The colloquial meaning
"to sing or speak vigorously" dates from 1949 and was first used in
the US, south of the Mason-Dixon Line. As
a development, the noun meaning "a blow or stroke" dates from 1885. The transferred sense of "broad stripe
encircling something with its ends joined" dates from the 1660s while that
of a "broad strip or tract" of any sort, without notion of encircling
(as in the “wheat belt") emerged by 1808. As a mark of rank or distinction (sometimes associated
with a specific honor in the form of a belt or sash), use began in the
mid-fourteenth century and in pugilism, boxing championship belts were first
awarded in 1812. The use in mechanical
engineering (drive belts, pulley belts, serpentine belts etc) was first noted
in 1795. The sword-belt dates from the
early fourteenth century while the Old English had sweordfætels (sword-belt). The
adjective beltless came from the fashion industry to describe a style without a
belt and was from 1854, the belt-loop (through which a belt passes) noted the
following year (although such things had existed for centuries). In the sub-culture of the trench coat, the military
tradition was always to use the buckle to secure the belt while true
fashionistas prefer to tie, bucklers thought a bit naff.
Lindsay Lohan demonstrates the possibilities offered by belts.
Many languages adopted belt including those of the Raj,
the Hindi being बेल्ट (belṭ), the Bengali বেল্ট (belṭ) & the Urdu بیلٹ (belṭ); Afrikaans picked up belt from the Dutch and other variations
were the Assamese বেল্ট (belto), the Irish beilt (Welsh & Scots picked up belt), the Japanese: ベルト (beruto) and the Oriya ବେଲ୍ଟ୍ (belṭ). If used as a proper noun (a surname or
place-name), it appears always with an initial capital. In astronomy, there’s no initial capital when
used as a general descriptor but one is used when referring to a specific region
(eg as an ellipsis of Main Asteroid Belt).
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R and known originally as One
Belt One Road (OBOR)) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is a
trans-national infrastructure project (the strategy of which depends on who is providing
the interpretation) dating from 2013 and integral to the PRC’s foreign policy. As physical infrastructure, it’s analogous
with the old Silk Road, the ancient trade route which linked China with the West,
carrying goods and (more dangerously) ideas between the two great civilizations
of Rome and China.
Lindsay Lohan beltless (or un-belted); note thumbs fetchingly hooked in belt loops (right).
In idiomatic use, “below the belt” means “not in accord
with the principles of fairness, decency, or good sportsmanship” and was drawn
from the rules of boxing where restrictions were maintained on blows to the genitals. To have something “under one's belt” is to
have something in one’s literal or figurative (a qualification or achievement)
possession. To tighten one’s belt is “to
be more frugal; to undergo hardship patiently” and is often used as an
injunction by politicians (directed at others).
Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977) invented “tighten the belten” for the faux German used in his film The Great
Dictator (1940). The use to describe
specific regions can be literal (wheat belt, corn belt etc), meteorological
(sun-belt, snow-belt) or more figurative (mortgage belt, Bible belt etc), the
latter probably more accurately described as “zones” but the meaning is
well-understood and some have emerged recently (such as rust belt which refers
to once vibrant industrial areas now in economic decline). A beltway is a road system which encircles (not
necessarily in a circular design) a city and is intended to reduce congestion
in the inner region; the phrase “beyond the beltway” is US political slang to
differentiate the interests and priorities of those “within the beltway” of
Washington DC (ie the political class (executive government, the congress, the
upper reaches of the civil service etc)) and the general population. The US term references Interstate 495 around
Washington DC (the Capital Beltway, opened in 1964), the figurative use (the
culture of the political class) dating from 1978, exclusively in the negative.
Lindsay Lohan demonstrates more possibilities offered by belts.
Seat belts, although began in any volume to be fitted
only in the 1960s although they’d been used in ships (both by fishermen and in
the navy) and in the early day of aviation without ever becoming standardized
fittings although, in a sense, as a safety restraint they were known even in Antiquity. In Greek mythology, the Sirens were deadly
creatures who used their lyrical and earthly feminine charms to lure sailors to
their death; attracted by their enchanting music and voices, seafarers would sail
their ships too close to the rocky coast of the Siren’s island and be
shipwrecked. Not untypically for the
tales from antiquity, the sirens are said to have had many homes. The Romans said they lived on some small
islands called Sirenum scopuli while later authors place them variously on the
islands of Anthemoessa, on Cape Pelorum, on the islands of the Sirenuse, near
Paestum, or in Capreae. All were places
with rocky coasts and tall cliffs. It
was Odysseus who most famously escaped the sirens. Longing to hear their songs but having no
wish to be ship-wrecked , he had his sailors fill their ears with beeswax,
rendering them deaf and to be certain, Odysseus ordered them to tie him to the
mast, thereby inventing the seat-belt.
Sailing past, when he heard their enticing voices, he ordered his men to
release him but they tightened the knots, not releasing him till the danger had
passed. Some writers claimed the Sirens
were fated to die if a man heard their singing and escaped them and that as
Odysseus sailed away they flung themselves into the water and died.
Lindsay Lohan demonstrates still more possibilities offered by belts.
In the late 1940s, the rising death toll attracted interest but few cars were at the time fitted with seat-belts and research was difficult with such small sample sizes although it was indicated there was some positive although instances were also noted of injuries being caused by the belts’ then primitive and unregulated design and it was these findings which encouraged the first “inertial reel” (retractable) designs. A couple of US manufacturers during the 1950s dabbled with the concept, either installing seat belts as standard or offering them as an extra-cost option but the take-up rate was low and some buyers ever returned the cars to dealers to have them removed.
Belted: Model (and confessed “childless cat lady”) Cristal Dale (b 2002) in two aspects, demonstrating the adaptability of the belt, imagined as denim cupless bandeau bra, AFW (Australian Fashion Week), Sydney, May 2025. AFW 2025 was run by the AFC (Australian Fashion Council) and the paucity of the previously ubiquitous “influencers” was welcomed by many critics. Ms Dale's outfit was in the tradition of minimalist fashion and the belt might better be described as a "re-purposing" rather than an "adaptation" in that being un-modified, it is dual-purpose: denim bandeau bra in the warmer months; denim belt when cooler. As worn by Ms Dale, it also fulfilled its other dual-purpose (catching the eye of photographers; click-bait for content providers). The system works.
Although its nineteenth century origin was as a durable material used for work-wear by miners, farm-workers and others engaged in manual labor, denim’s ease of mass-production, strength and affordability led to it being adopted by the urban working class. However, although it may once have been a “class-identifier”, by the mid twentieth century, it was a fashion item embraced first by youth and the counter-cultures of the post war years before being picked up by fashion houses which understood the sex-appeal and knew there was no reason why there wouldn’t be a market for a thousand dollar pair of jeans, provided the designer’s label was appropriately obvious. Denim is thus often called “class-fee” and while that term is well-understood, it’s nuanced in that denim products definitely are sort of “class-identifiers”, in that the fabric is now just another platform on which a consumer conspicuously can “pin the price-tag”.
1973 AMC Levi’s Gremlin (left), Volkswagen’s 1974 “Jeans Kit” (centre) and 2016 Volkswagen Beetle “Denim Edition” convertible (right).
Even car manufacturers co-opted the fabric. In 2016 Volkswagen did a run of 2000 denim-trimmed (half in Pure White, half in Stonewashed Blue) Beetles, marketed as homage to the “Jeans Bug” of the 1970s. The Jeans Bug was manufactured by Volkswagen’s South Africa operation between 1973-1978 and such was the appeal that in 1974 a “Jeans Kit” appeared in the catalogue, allowing owners of other beetles to emulate the look, the package including denim slipcovers, a gear-shifter pommel, hubcaps, mud-flaps, and a set of stickers similar to the original Jeans beetle. Beginning in 1975, Volkswagen in Mexico also produced Jeans Beetles, the last sold in 2000. Volkswagen used just the fabric but in the US, AMC (American Motors Corporation), having between 1972-1973 collaborated with Pierre Cardin (1922-2022) for the interior of a special edition of their Javelin pony car (1968-1974), decided in 1973 a tie in with Levi Strauss & Co was the way to lend credibility to the denim trim of their low-cost Gremlin (1974-1983). Thematically consistent with the company’s jeans in that the orange stitching, buttons and even the famous Levi’s tab appeared on the seats, the car sold well and one is said to have been purchased by George HW Bush (George XLI, 1924-2018; US president 1989-1993) for his son (George W Bush (George XLIII, b 1946; US president 2001-2009) to drive while attending university. By contrast, the tie-in with Pierre Cardin remains among examples listed in marketing courses in case-studies of the way in which brand-value can be diminished by too prolific a use of a brand on products not suited to image.
Knocking back a bracer: Crooked Hillary Clinton enjoys a quick belt of Crown Royal Bourbon Whiskey, Bronko's restaurant, Crown Point, Indiana, Saturday 12 April, 2008.
Automobile safety, the seat belt and the Chevrolet Corvair
The familiar modern three-point (lap & sash) belt evolved
in the late 1950s with much input from US designers but it was Swedish
manufacturers which first made them a standard fitting, Scandinavia being often dark and icy, drivers sharing the roads with large elk. The modern seatbelt design (conceptually
unchanged to this day) is credited to Swedish mechanical engineer Nils Bohlin (1920–2002)
who was employed by Volvo which made them a standard fitting in 1959, following
the example of Saab which had added them the previous year. During the 1960s, US states gradually imposed
a requirement they be fitted until, in 1969, federal law mandated the rule for
all cars sold in the country. The laws
requiring them actually to be worn proved more difficult to implement but other
countries quickly made both the fitment and wearing of seat-belts compulsory,
initially only for those seated in the front seat(s) but before long it
extended to all seats.
Instruction sheet for Child Bed (1961 Chevrolet Corvair), Chevrolet Division of General Motors (GM) part-number 985359. The aspect of physics to ponder when considering GM p/n 985359 is Sir Isaac Newton's (1642–1727) First Law of Motion (known also as the Law of Inertia: "An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force").
Although examples existed early in the twentieth century (fitted often by those with experience in aviation) rudimentary seat-belts first appeared in production cars during the 1950s but the manufacturers must have thought the public indifferent because their few gestures were tentative such as in 1956 when Ford had offered (as an extra-cost option) a bundle of safety features called the “Lifeguard Design” package which included:
(1) Padded dashboards (to reduce head injuries).
(2) Recessed steering wheel hub (to minimize chest injuries).
(3) Seat belts (front lap belts only)
(4) Stronger door latches (preventing doors flying open in a crash)
(5) Shatter-resistant rear-view mirror (reducing injuries caused by from broken glass).
The standard features included (1) the Safety-Swivel Rear View Mirror, (2) the Deep-Center Steering Wheel with recessed post and bend-away spokes and (3) Double-Grip Door Latches with interlocking striker plate overlaps; Optional at additional cost were (4) Seat Belts (single kit, front or rear, color-keyed, nylon-rayon with quick one-handed adjust/release aluminium buckle) (US$5). There were also "bundles", always popular in Detroit. Safety Package A consisted of a Padded Instrument Panel & Padded Sun Visors (US$18) while Safety Package B added to that Front-Seat Lap Seat Belts (US$27). On the 1956 Thunderbird which used a significantly different interior design, the options were (1) the Lifeguard Padded Instrument Panel (US$22.65), (2) Lifeguard Padded Sun Visors (US$9) and (3) Lifeguard Seat Belts (US$14).
Years later, internal documents would be discovered which revealed conflict within the corporation, the marketing department opposed to any mention of "safety features" because that reminded potential customers of car crashes; they would prefer they be reminded of new colors, higher power, sleek new lines and such. So, little was done to promote the “Lifeguard Design”, public demand was subdued and the soon the option quietly was deleted from the list. At the time, apart from improving the quality of roads (which actually meant higher speeds) the government had done little about either safety or pollution but both the rising highway death toll and the worsening air quality in cities was attracting attention and things would change; decades of legislation soon to unfold. The Corvair however was a product of a substantially unregulated age and in that spirit Chevrolet thoughtfully offered the “child bed” as an accessory so one’s baby could sleep (un-belted) on the parcel shelf beneath the rear window, the additional benefits of the placement said to be that being rear-engined, the warmth and soothing vibration from the engine gently would lull the infant to sleep. It was another world.
An early Chevrolet Corvair with swing axles, swinging (upper left), diagram of the early (single-pivot) and later (double-pivot) rear suspension (lower left) and swing spin (right), Volkswagen making making a virtue of necessity, a long-running theme in the advertising for the Beetle, the “Think Small” campaign conceived by their US agency Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB).
The idea of an un-belted baby in a car was a bad an idea as it sounds but the Corvair was doomed by decisions made even before production began. During the inter-war years, swing axles were genuinely an improvement on the solid units then in use and were the most cost-effective way an independent rear suspension could be brought to market but as speeds rose and the grip of tyres rose, their inherent limitations were exposed although the very behavior which could be lethal on the road delighted racing drivers who found it faster to "steer" with the rear wheels; in skilled hands, oversteer is an asset. By the time the Corvair debuted it was in Europe close to the twilight of both most rear-engines and swing axles although the latter proved surprisingly persistent for a few hold-outs and Mercedes-Benz, despite their experience with the superior De Dion layout) was still producing a handful of 600s (the W100 Grosser; 1963-1981) with swing axles as late as 1981 but the Germans tamed the behavior with special anti-squat & anti-dive geometry as well as a compensating centre device. Chevrolet did not and with a weight distribution which was even more exaggerated rearward by its relatively heavy and long engine, the Corvair’s handling could be unpredictable, something which the engineers wanted to alleviate by fitting a handful of parts (the cost under US$40) but this the accountants vetoed. The ensuing crashes, death toll and law suits attracted the interest of consumer lawyer Ralph Nader (b 1934) who wrote Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), a critique on the industry generally although in the public mind it’s always been most associated with the failings of the Corvair which the author made the subject of the opening chapter. After publication, GM hired private investigators to "dig up dirt" on Nadar, but not only was no evidence found of the hoped-for homosexuality but using attractive women as "honey pots" proved no more of a lure. To add insult to injury, GM's stalking, attempted entrapment and phone-tapping was in 1966 exposed in hearings before the US Senate hearing led by Robert F Kennedy (RFK, 1925–1968; US attorney general 1961-1964). GM was forced publicly to apologize.
The lovely, Italianesque lines of the second generation Corvair (1966-1969).
Actually, the problems as described applied only to the Corvairs built between 1959-1963 (a partial fix to the suspension applied in 1963 and the double-pivot system installed for 1965) but the damage was done, neither its reputation or sales figures ever recovered (although increasing competition in its market segment certainly affected the latter) and it was only the corporation’s desire to save face which saw the much improved car restyled for 1966, production lingering on until 1969; it may be that Nader’s book actually prolonged the life of the thing. It was unfortunate because the restyled Corvair was one of the better-looking machines of the era, only the truncated length of the bodywork forward of the cowl detracting from the elegance.
Curiously, after its demise came a coda. In 1970, responding to pressure from Nader, the Nixon administration commissioned a study comparing the 1963 Corvair with five “similar” vehicles and a report was in 1972 issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) which concluded, inter alia, the Corvair’s handling and propensity to roll was comparable with that of “other light domestic cars.” Nader dismissed the study as “a shoddy, internally contradictory whitewash” and accused the NHTSA of using “biased testing procedures and model selection.”, noting they assessed the 1963 Corvair which Chevrolet significantly had modified to ameliorate the worst of the deficiencies found in those built earlier (a proper "fix" would come with the 1965 range). The Nixon administration ignored him, presumably taking the view what was good for General Motors was good for the country. The origin of that famous “quote” is an answer given by Charles Erwin Wilson (1890–1961; US Secretary of Defense 1953-1957) during a confirmation hearing prior to his appointment to cabinet. Then serving as president of General Motors (GM), he was asked whether, as head of the Department of Defense, he’d be prepared to make decisions that might be detrimental to GM. He responded: “For years I thought what was good for the country was good for General Motors, and vice versa.” From that came “What's good for General Motors is good for America.” which was at the time an accurate reflection of the corporate world view.
Lest anyone gain the impression that in carrying unsecured babies on a car's rear parcel shelf the Americans were being uniquely cavalier with young lives, for all of the 1960s Mercedes-Benz offered the not uncommonly ordered option of transverse single seat (centre) made the W113 (230, 250 & 280 SL, 1963-1971) roadster, making it one of the rare post-war 2+1s. While it could accommodate an adult-sized human, the factory listed it as the Kindetsitz (child's seat, code 565) although German men often preferred Schwiegermutterplatz or Schwiegermuttersitz (mother-in-law seat). That the factory would offer (in a convertible!) a "child's seat" which sat sideways and was fitted with no restraint system is an indication of how things have changed.
Dubious though the safety credentials of the Kindetsitza may now seem, at least Mercedes-Benz secured it to the structure with good, German high-tensile nuts and bolts and that can be C&Ced (compared & contrasted) with the approach the British once took when designing a child’s seat. Listed in the 1960-1961 Speed Equipment Catalogue from the Donald Healey Motor Company was a child’s seat for the Austin-Healey Sprite, a diminutive roadster which was definitely a two-seater (although “rear seats” were at time offered, both third-party miniature “buckets” and a factory “bench” although the latter, supplied without a squab, is better described as a “padded parcel shelf”). Unlike the Germans, the Healey product was held in place only by the pressure the four steel prongs exerted on the transmission tunnel on which it sat and while that meant it was quick and easy to fit and remove, were one’s Sprite suddenly to come to a halt (ie crashing into something), child and (depending on velocity at point of impact) seat would be subject to Newton’s second law of motion. Clearly, the UK’s latter day reputation as a latter-day hotbed of H&S (health & Safety) legislation and enforcement was unknown in 1960.
Pros: Looks comfortable for a child; finished in leathercloth with contrasting piping to match interior trim; can be installed or removed in literally seconds; location permits child to use feet to play with gear shifter, keeping them amused on long trips.
Cons: Unsecured installation means in the event of an accident, depending on speed of impact, it would function like an ejector seat and, were the roadster’s roof at the time not erected, trajectory of seat and child would be either (1) into or (2) over windscreen; location permits child to use feet to play with gear shifter, possibly (1) knocking car out of gear or (2) selecting incorrect gear.
US market 1958 Austin-Healey Sprite ("Bugeye" or "Frogeye") with Healey's "child's seat" in place.
The “child's seat” was a Donald Healey Motor Company part number and not one which appeared in the lists of BMC (British Motor Corporation) which was the corporate umbrella under which Healey operated. Although advertised only during the era of the Austin-Healey Sprite Mark 1 (1958-1961; the so-called “bugeye” or “frogeye”), the useful option could be fitted to any subsequent Sprite or the companion (and substantially identical) MG Midget. When the Sprite first was revised in 1961, simultaneously the MG Midget was released and it continued until 1980 while the Sprite lasted only until 1971 (and in its final season sold as the “Austin Sprite” after the contract with Donald Healey expired). Perhaps predictably, Healey’s child’s seat was not a big seller and although (hopefully) no longer used for its intended purpose, the rarity and shock value (to twenty-first century eyes) make it a prized option in the Sprite community.
Lindsay Lohan demonstrates yet more possibilities offered by belts. A belt usually will include a loop next to the buckle, used to keep the end of belt in place: it is called the "keeper".
