Engagement

Engagement (pronounced en-geyj-muhnt)

(1) The act of engaging or the state of being engaged.

(2) A mutual pledge of marriage, betrothal.

(3) An appointment or arrangement.

(4) A pledge, obligation, agreement or other condition that binds.

(5) Employment, or a period or post of employment, now especially in the performing arts.

(6) In military use, an encounter, conflict, or battle.

(7) In mechanics, the act or state of interlocking.

(8) In contract law, a promise (archaic).

(9) In economics (usually in the plural), financial obligations (archaic).

(10) In obstetrics, the entrance of the foetal head or presenting part into the upper opening of the maternal pelvis.

1615: The construct was engage + -ment.  Engagier was from the Middle English, from the Old French engagier (under pledge), via Frankish from the Proto-Germanic wadiare (pledge).  The word spread widely in European languages in cluding the Frankish anwadjōn (to pledge), from Proto-Germanic wadjōną (to pledge, secure), wadją (pledge, guarantee).  It was cognate with the Old English anwedd (pledge, security) & weddian (to engage, covenant, undertake), the German wetten (to bet, wager) and the Icelandic veðja (to wager); the word illustrating the general, common evolution of Germanic to French (eg Guillaume from Wilhelm).  The -ment suffix was from the Middle English -ment, from the Late Latin -amentum, from -mentum which came via Old French -ment.  It was used to form nouns from verbs, the nouns having the sense of "the action or result of what is denoted by the verb".  The suffix is most often attached to the stem without change, except when the stem ends in -dge, where the -e is sometimes dropped (abridgment, acknowledgment, judgment, lodgment et al), with the forms without -e preferred in American English.  The most widely known example of the spelling variation is probably judgment vs judgement.  In modern use, judgement is said to be a "free variation" word where either spelling is considered acceptable as long as use is consistent.  Like enquiry vs inquiry, this can be a handy where a convention of use can be structured to impart great clarity: judgment used when referring to judicial rulings and judgement for all other purposes although the approach is not without disadvantage given one might write of the judgement a judge exercised before delivering their judgment.  To those not aware of the convention, it could look just like a typo.  The meaning "attract the attention of" is from 1640s; that of "employ" is from 1640s, derived from "binding as by a pledge."  Specific sense of "promise to marry" is variously cited as dating from between 1610 and 1742 and the military meaning emerged in 1664.  Related forms are the nouns non-engagement and re-engagement, now almost always hyphenated.  Engagement is a noun, engage is a verb, engaging is a noun, verb & adjective and engaged is a verb & adjective; the noun plural is engagements.

A long tradition

The western concept of engagement is derived from the Jewish law (Torah), codified in the last Talmudic tractate of the Nashim (Women) order in which the marriage process is defined in two parts, the erusin (or kiddushin), a betrothal ceremony of sanctification and the nissu'in (or chupah), the formal act of marriage.  This is wholly analogous with the modern tradition of (1) the engagement which reflects a change of relationship between the couple and (2) the marriage which changes their legal status under either, or both, state and church law.  In antiquity, both Hellenic Greece and Rome borrowed and adapted the Hebrew practice with little change.

In the West, canon lawyers proved more exacting, secular lawyers more avaricious and engagements assumed an increasingly contractual form.  While either party could break a betrothal, it was once possible for the spurned partner to sue the other for breach of promise, which, in some jurisdictions, was called heart-balm.  In Australia, these actions were rendered obsolete when Lionel Murphy's (1922–1986; attorney-general of Australia 1972-1975) Family Law Act (1975) replaced the old Matrimonial Causes Act, a matter of some regret to bishops, Liberal Party lawyers and other moralists.  Also affected were publications like Melbourne’s now sadly defunct Truth which, in its divorce reports, published not only salacious details of infidelity but also the photographs produced as evidence, shots taken typically through the windows of St Kilda hotel rooms.

In Australia, in the narrow technical sense, engagements are compulsory in that one month must elapse between the submission of the Notice of Intended Marriage form and the marriage proper although a prescribed authority may approve a shorter notice time in some limited circumstances (such as when former Governor-General Sir John Kerr (1914-1991) wished rapidly to marry his second wife Anne (aka Nancy (née Taggart, previously Robson)).  Engagements in Australia thus, generally, have a statutory minimum duration of one month.  There's no maximum, but there’s no record of one matching the longest known engagement, a sixty-seven year arrangement between a Mexican couple; there may have been commitment issues.

On Sunday 28 November 2021, Lindsay Lohan announced her engagement to her boyfriend of two years, Bader Shammas (b 1987), a Dubai-based vice-president with Credit Suisse.  The announcement was made in the twenty-first century way: Instagram.

Glout

Glout (pronounced glout or gloot)

(1) To scowl or frown (archaic).

(2) To stare gloatingly (obsolete).

(3) To look sullen (modern revival for selfies & memes).

1400–1450: The origin is in late Middle English and although of uncertain origin, it’s related to the earlier use where to glout was “gloatingly to stare”.  The root, the Middle English glouten (to scowl) is thought derived from the Old Norse goltta (scornfully to grin) but, although likely, the link is undocumented.  Something tending to wards a glout would be gloutish and a hint of the look in another object would be gloutesque but both those adjectives are non-standard.  Although described as archaic as long ago as the eighteenth century, glout enjoyed a bit of a (brief) early twenty-first century revival as a descriptor of selfies and memes although the more evocative "resting bitch face" (RBF) tended to be preferred.  In the way the social works, the resurrected glout soon faded from use.  Glout is a noun & verb, glouted & glouting are verbs; the noun plural is glouts.

Noted glouters, glouting: Paris Hilton (b 1981; top left), Britney Spears (b 1981; top centre), Lindsay Lohan (b 1986; top right), Cardinal George Pell (1941-2023; bottom left), Eric Abetz (b 1958; Liberal Party senator for Tasmania, Australia 1994-2022, member of the Tasmanian House of assembly since 2024, bottom centre) and crooked Hillary Clinton (b 1947; US secretary of state 2009-2013).

Sometimes, some have cheerful faces and eyes full of joy while others can but glout.  Donald Trump (b 1946; US president 2017-2021, left) and Pope Francis (b 1936; pope since 2013, right) pause for a photo opportunity, the Vatican, May 2017.

His Holiness may have been reflecting on his words in: True Christians have cheerful faces and eyes full of joy, the homily he’d three months earlier delivered during morning Mass in the Casa Santa Marta.  His theme had been an invitation for the faithful to reflect on the relationship between God and money and the notion we cannot serve two masters so must choose between them.  He took his reading from Matthew 19, Mark 10 & Luke 18 which include the famous passage: “I say unto you, It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God”, explaining the message of Jesus remains those who give up the pursuit of money will be rewarded for “there is no one who has given up house or brothers or sisters or mother or father or children or lands for my sake and for the sake of the Gospel, who will not receive a hundred times more now in this present age: houses and brothers and sisters and mothers and children and lands, with persecutions, and eternal life in the age to come”.  “The Lord is incapable of giving less than everything” the Pope said, “when he gives us something, he gives all of himself.”  “A cheerful face and eyes full of joy” Francis concluded: “these are the signs that we’re following this path of all and nothing, of fullness emptied out.”

Cape & Cloak

Cape (pronounced keyp)

(1) A sleeveless garment of various lengths, fastened around the neck and falling loosely from the shoulders, worn separately or attached to a coat or other outer garment.

(2) The capa of a bullfighter.

(3) The act of caping.

(4) Of a matador or capeador during a bullfight, to induce and guide the charge of a bull by flourishing a capa.

(5) A piece of land jutting into the sea or some other large body of water; a headland or promontory

(6) In nautical use, of a ship said to have good steering qualities or to head or point; to keep a course.

(7) As The Cape (always initial capital letters), pertaining to the Cape of Good Hope or to (historically) to all South Africa.

(8) To skin an animal, particularly a deer.

(9) To gaze or stare; to look for, search after (obsolete).

1350–1400: From the (northern dialect) Middle English cap, from the Old English cāp, from the Middle French cape & Old Provençal capa, from the Vulgar Latin capum from the Latin caput (head) and reinforced in the sixteenth century by the Spanish capa, from the Late Latin cappa (hooded cloak).  A fork in the Late Old English was capa, & cæppe (cloak with a hood), directly from Late Latin.  In Japanese the word is ケープ (kēpu).  The sense of a "promontory, piece of land jutting into a sea or lake" dates from the late fourteenth century, from the Old French cap (cape; head) from the Latin caput (headland, head), from the primitive Indo-European kaput (head).  The Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa has been called the Cape since the 1660s, and sailors in 1769 named the low cloud banks that could be mistaken for landforms on the horizon, Cape fly-away.  The obsolete sense of gazing or staring at something & to look for or search after is from the Middle English capen (to stare, gape, look for, seek), from the Old English capian (to look), from the Proto-West Germanic kapēn.  It was cognate with the Dutch gapen, the German gaffen (to stare at curiously) and the Low German gapen (to stare); related to the Modern English keep.

Cloak (pronounced klohk)

(1) A wrap-like outer garment fastened at the throat and falling straight from the shoulders.

(2) Something that covers or conceals; disguise; pretense.

(3) To cover with or as if with a cloak.

(4) To hide; conceal.

(5) In internet use, a text replacement for an IRC user's hostname or IP address, which makes the user less identifiable.

1175–1225: From the Middle English cloke, from the Old North French cloque, from the Old French cloche & cloke (traveling cloak) from the Medieval Latin cloca (travelers' cape), a variant of clocca (bell-shaped cape (literally “a bell”) and of Celtic origin, from the Proto-Celtic klokkos (and ultimately imitative).  The best known mention of cloak in scripture is in 1 Thessalonians 2:5: For neither at any time “vsed wee flattering wordes, as yee knowe, nor a cloke of couetousnesse, God is witnesse”

The cloak was an article of everyday wear as a protection from the weather for either sex in Europe for centuries, use fluctuating but worn well into the twentieth century, a noted spike happening when revived in the early 1800s as a high-collared circular form fashion garment, then often called a Spanish cloak.  The figurative use "that which covers or conceals; a pretext" dates from the 1520s.  The adjectival phrase cloak-and-dagger is attested from 1848, said to be a translation of the French de cape et d'épée, as something suggestive of stealthy violence and intrigue.  Cloak-and-sword was used from 1806 in reference to the cheap melodramatic romantic adventure stories then published, a similar use to the way sword-and-sandals was used dismissively to refer to the many films made during the 1950s which were set during the Roman Empire.  The cloak-room (or cloakroom), "a room connected with an assembly-hall, opera-house, etc., where cloaks and other articles are temporarily deposited" is attested from 1827 and later extended to railway offices for temporary storage of luggage; by the mid twentieth century it was, like power room and bathroom, one of the many euphemisms for the loo, WC, lavatory.  The undercloak was a similar, lighter garment worn for additional protection under the cloak proper.

A caped Hermann Göring (1893–1946; leading Nazi 1922-1945, Hitler's designated successor & Reichsmarschall 1940-1945), photographed on the way to the lavish celebrations the state staged for his 45^th birthday, Berlin, January, 1938.

Ruthless, energetic and dynamic in the early years of Nazi rule, Hermann Göring was the driving force in the build-up of the Luftwaffe (the German air force) but as things went from bad to worse as the fortunes of war changed, he became neglectful of his many responsibilities, described in 1945 upon his arrival at the jail attached to the Palace of Justice at Nuremberg as “a decayed voluptuary”.  However, he never lost his love for military decorations & uniforms, designing many of his own to suit the unique rank of Reichsmarschall (a kind of six-star general or generalissimo) he held including some in white, sky blue and, as the allied armies closed in on Germany, a more military olive green.  He was always fond of capes and had a number tailored to match his uniforms, Count Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944; Italian foreign minister 1936-1944) in January 1942 noting of Göring’s visit to Rome: “As usual he is bloated and overbearing”, two days later adding “We had dinner at the Excelsior Hotel, and during the dinner Goering talked of little else but the jewels he owned.  In fact, he had some beautiful rings on his fingers… On the way to the station he wore a great sable coat, something between what automobile drivers wore in 1906 and what a high-grade prostitute wears to the opera.”

As well as his vividly entertaining diaries, Ciano was noted for having married the daughter of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945; Duce (leader) & prime-minister of Italy 1922-1943).  The marriage was certainly a good career move (the Italians would joke of the one they called “ducellio”: “the son-in-law also rises”) although things didn’t end well, Il Duce having him shot (at the insistence of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945; Führer (leader) and German head of government 1933-1945 & head of state 1934-1945), something which over the years must have drawn the envy of many a father-in-law (and the sentiment was expressed by Winston Churchill (1875-1965; UK prime-minister 1940-1945 & 1951-1955) who didn't always approve of his daughters' choices).  Like the bemedaled Reichsmarschall, the count was also a keen collector of gongs and in 1935, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (the last war of the era of European colonialism which even at the time seemed to many an embarrassing anachronism), Ciano had commanded the Regia Aeronautica's (Royal Air Force) 15th Bomber Flight (nicknamed La Disperata (the desperate ones)) in air-raids on primitive tribes during the Italian invasion, being awarded the Medaglia d'argento al valor militare (Silver Medal of Military Valor), prompting some to observe he deserved a gold medal for bravery in accepting a silver one, his time in the air having hardly exposed him to danger.

The difference

Lindsay Lohan in Lavish Alice striped cape, June 2015.

There probably was a time when the distinction between a cape and a cloak was well defined and understood but opportunistic marketing practices and a declining use of both styles has seen the meaning blur and, in commerce, perhaps morph.  Described correctly, there are differences, defined mostly by length, style and function and what they have in common is that while there are layered versions, generally both are made from one sheet of fabric and worn draped over the shoulders, without sleeves.  The most obvious difference is in length, capes in general being much shorter than cloaks, the length of a cape usually anywhere from the top of the torso to the hips and rarely will a cape fall past the thighs.  By comparison, even the shortest cloak falls below the knees, many are calf-length at minimum and the most luxurious, floor-length.

Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche full-length hooded cloak in black velvet.

Stylistically, cloaks and capes differ also in aesthetic detail.  Capes typically cover the back and are open and loose in the front, fastening around the neck with a tiny hook or cords that tie together, although in recent years it’s become fashionable to tailor capes with button or zipper closures down the front.  Traditionally too, capes have tended to be more colorful and embellished with decoration, reflecting their origin as fashion items whereas the history of the cloak was one of pure functionally, protection from the weather and the dirt and grime of life.  Some capes even come with a belt looped through them, creating the look of a cinched waist with billowing sleeves.  Cloaks cover the front and back.  They are more streamlined, fitted and tailored than capes and, because of the tailoring, in earlier times, a small number of women in society sometimes wore cloaks styled like a dress, adorned with belts, gloves and jewelry.  This is rarely done today, but a cloak is still dressier than a cape or coat and can be stunning if worn over an evening gown.  As that suggests, the cloak could function as a social signifier of rank or wealth; although worn by all for warmth, a garment of made from an expensive material or lined with silk was clearly beyond what was needed to fend off mud from the street.

Audrey Hepburn (1929–1993) in calf-length cloak over taffeta.

Because of its origins as something protective, hoods are more commonly seen on cloaks; rare on capes which may have a collar for added warmth bit often not even that.  It’s value as a fashion piece aside, a cape’s main function is to cover the back of the wearer, just for warmth.  Because a cape is much shorter than a cloak, slit openings for the arms are not always necessary because arms easily pass through the bottom opening whereas a cloak usually has slit openings for the arms since the length demands it.  Cloaks were supplanted by coats in the post-war years and exist now mostly as a high-fashion pieces, capes in a similar niche in the lower-end of the market.

Exiguous

Exiguous (pronounced ig-zig-yoo-uhs or ik-sig-yoo-uhs)

Scanty; meagre; small; slender.

1645–1655: From the Latin exiguus (small, petty, paltry, scanty in measure or number (feminine exigua; neuter exiguum)), from exigere (to drive out, take out & to weigh out; to finish; to measure against a standard), the construct being exig(ere ) + -uus (the deverbal adjectival suffix).  The construct of exigere was ex- (out) + agere (to set in motion, drive, drive forward; to do; to perform) from the primitive Indo-European root ag- (to drive, draw out or forth, move), a root extraordinarily productive in English, forming all or part of: act; action; active; actor; actual; actuary; actuate; agency; agenda; agent; agile; agitation; agony; ambagious; ambassador; ambiguous; anagogical; antagonize; apagoge; assay; Auriga; auto-da-fe; axiom; cache; castigate; coagulate; cogent; cogitation; counteract; demagogue; embassy; epact; essay; exact; exacta; examine; exigency; exiguous; fumigation; glucagon; hypnagogic; interact; intransigent; isagoge; litigate; litigation; mitigate; mystagogue; navigate; objurgate; pedagogue; plutogogue; prodigal; protagonist; purge; react; redact; retroactive; squat; strategy; synagogue; transact; transaction & variegate.

Exiguous fashion: Recent landmarks in clothes for warmer climates

2010 Christina Hendricks at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

2012 Anja Rubik at the Met Gala.

2013 Jaimie Alexander.

2013 Jessica Simpson at the MTV Awards.

2014 Emily Blunt.

2014 Paris Hilton at her 33rd birthday party.

2015 Alessandra Ambrosio.

2015 Amanda Cerny at the MTV Awards.

2015 Ariel Winter at the SAG Awards.

2015 Britney Spears at the MTV Awards.

2015 Gigi Hadid at the Cannes Film Festival.

2015 Gloria Govan at the premiere of The Wedding Ringer.

2015 Kendall Jenner at the Met Gala 2015.

2015 Lily Aldridge at the MTV Awards.

2015 Lindsay Lohan at the premiere of Liz & Dick.

2015 Nazanin Boniardi at the Emmy Awards.

2015 Nicky Hilton at the Versace Autumn Winter Show.

2015 Nicole Trunfio at the ELLE Awards.

2015 Rosie Huntington-Whiteley at the Met Gala.

2015 Salma Hayek at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards.

2015 Gigi Hadid at the Academy Awards.

2016 Alesha Dixon at the Bafta Awards.

2016 Alessandra Ambrosio at Malibu Beach.

2016 Amber Rose.

2016 Ashley Graham at the Vanity Fair Academy Awards Party.

2016 Bella Hadid at the Grammy Awards.

2016 Charlize Theron at the Academy Awards.

2016 Charlotte Mckinney in Las Vegas.

2016 Dayane Mello at the Venice Film Festival.

2016 Emily Ratajkowski.

2016 Giulia Salemie at the Venice Film Festival.

2016 Hannah Ferguson at the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue launch.

2016 Kara Del Toro at the premiere of Undrafted.

2016 Karlie Kloss at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

2016 Kendall Jenner at the Cannes Film Festival.

2016 Manika at the Grammy Awards.

2016 Margot Robbie at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

2016 Miranda Kerr at the Vanity Fair Academy Awards Party.

2016 Bella Hadid at the Cannes Film Festival.  Thus far, the dress of the twenty-first century.

2016 Rita Ora at the MTV Awards.  The dress of the century re-imagined.

2017 Allana Ferguson at the NSWRL Awards.

2017 Demi Rose.

2017 Kendall Jenner at the Met Gala.

2017 Lady Gaga.

2017 Nicki Minaj.

2017 Rose Byrne at the Met Gala.

2018 Alexis Skyy.

2018 Ariel Winter at the Palm Springs International Film Festival.

2018 Charlotte McKinney.

2018 Elsa Hosk at the Vanity Fair Academy Award Party.

2018 Halsey at the amFAR Gala.

2018 Jennifer Lawrence.

2018 Jennifer Lopez.

2019 Emily Ratajkowski at the Tony Awards.

2019 Kim Kardsahian.

2019 Taylor Mega at the Venice Film Festival.

2020 Lauren Goodger.

2021 Lindsey Pelas.

2021 Anna Paul.

2021 Becky G at the E! People's Choice Awards.

2021 Bella Hadid at the Cannes Film Festival.

2021 Demi Ros.

2021 Dixie D'Amelio at the MTV Awards.

2021 Kate Hudson at the Venice Film Festival.

2021 Margarita Smith.

2021 Maya Henry at Paris Fashion Week.

2021 Megan Fox at the Met Gala.

2021 Olivia Rodrigo.

2021 Saweetie at the MTV Awards.

2021 Zoe Kravitz at the Met Gala.

2022 Anna McEvoy at Melbourne Fashion Week.

2022 Elsa Hosk at the Vanity Fair Academy Awards Party.

2022 Halsey at the iHeartRadio Music Awards.

2022 Heidi Klum at the Vanity Fair Academy Awards Party.

2022 Janelle Monae at the Vanity Fair Academy Awards Party.

2022 Jenna Dewan at the Vanity Fair Party.

2022 Kristen Wiig at the Critics Choice Awards.