Grand (pronounced grand)
(1) Impressive in size, appearance, or general effect.
(2) Stately, majestic, or dignified.
(3) Highly ambitious or idealistic.
(4) Magnificent or splendid.
(5) Noble or revered.
(6) Highest, or very high, in rank or official dignity.
(7) Main or principal; chief; the most superior.
(8) Of great importance, distinction, or pretension.
(9) Complete or comprehensive (usually as the “grand
total”).
(10) Pretending to grandeur, as a result of minor success,
good fortune, etc; conceited & haughty (often with a modifier such as “rather
grand”, awfully grand” or “insufferably grand”).
(11) First-rate; very good; splendid.
(12) In musical composition, written on a large scale or
for a large ensemble (grand fugue, grand opera etc) and technically meaning
originally “containing all the parts proper to a given form of composition”.
(13) In music, the slang for the concert grand piano
(sometimes as “concert grand”).
(14) In informal use, an amount equal to a thousand pounds
or dollars.
(15) In genealogy, a combining (prefix) form used to
denote “one generation more remote” (grandfather, grand uncle etc).
1350–1400: From the Middle English graund, grond, grand, graunt & grant, from the Anglo-Norman graunt,
from the Old French grant & grand (large, tall; grown-up; great,
powerful, important; strict, severe; extensive; numerous), from the Latin grandis (big, great; full, abundant; full-grown
(and figuratively “strong, powerful, weighty, severe”, of unknown origin. Words conveying a similar sense (depending on
context includes ambitious, awe-inspiring, dignified, glorious, grandiose,
imposing, large, lofty, luxurious, magnificent, marvelous, monumental, noble, princely,
regal, royal, exalted, palatial; brilliant, superb opulent, palatial, splendid,
stately, sumptuous, main, large, big & august. Grand is a noun & adjective, grander &
grandest are adjectives, grandness is a noun and grandly is an adverb; the noun
plural is grands.
In Vulgar Latin it supplanted magnus (although the phrase magnum
opus (one’s great work) endured) and continued in the Romanic languages. The connotations of "noble, sublime,
lofty, dignified etc” existed in Latin and later were picked up in English
where it gained also the special sense of “imposing” (which tended often to imply “big”. The meaning “principal, chief, most important”
(especially in the hierarchy of titles) dates from the 1560s while the idea of “something
of very high or noble quality” is from the early eighteenth
century. As a general term of admiration
(in the sense of “magnificent or splendid” it’s documented since 1816 but as a
modifier to imply perhaps that but definitely size, it had been in use for
centuries: The Grand Jury was an invention of the late fifteenth century, the
grand tour was understood as “an expedition around the important places in
continental Europe undertaken as part of the education of aristocratic young Englishmen)
as early as the 1660s and the grand piano was named in 1797. In technical use it was adapted for use in medicine
as the grand mal (convulsive epilepsy with loss of consciousness), borrowed from the French grand mal (literally “great sickness”) as a
point of clinical distinction from the petit mal (literally “small sickness”)
(an epileptic event where consciousness was not lost). The meaning "a thousand dollars" dates from 1915 and was originally US underworld slang, that sum then a lot of money (the cheapest Ford Model T then listed for US$350).
The “Twenty
Grand”: 1933 Duesenberg SJ Arlington Torpedo Sedan by Rollston.
Celebrating "A century of Progress" and held between 27 May,
1933-31 October, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois, the Chicago World's Fair was
memorable for the stunning array of art deco architecture and being the first
US-staged international fair to book a profit.
Indeed, with close to 40 million paying visitors, the event had proved so
popular the scheduled closing date of 12 November, 1933 was extended by almost a
year. When the fair opened its gates,
the nation still was in the depths of the Great Depression and it was less than
three months since Franklin Roosevelt (FDR, 1882–1945, POTUS 1933-1945) in his
first Inaugural Address on 4 March 1933 had delivered the words “…the only thing
we have to fear is fear itself.” so, in the circumstances, after
three troubled years, the success was a remarkable achievement. Still, it was far from an ideal time to
display luxury goods but despite it all, four of the nation’s most exalted
automobile manufacturers showed the finest they could achieve.
The “Twenty
Grand”: 1933 Duesenberg SJ Arlington Torpedo Sedan by Rollston.
Reflecting the interest
in what the industry then called “streamlining”, Cadillac showcased their Aerodynamic
Coupe, a fine housing for the company’s already famous 452 cubic inch (7.4
litre) V16. Visually, Packard’s Sport
Sedan didn’t have the Cadillac’s radical lines but the coachwork by Dietrich
was elegant with some styling elements which others would emulate over the
remainder of the decade. Powered by
Packard’s second-generation V12, the press dubbed it “The Car of the Dome” an allusion
to the exposition’s Travel and Transportation Building where it sat. Most startling among the four was
Pierce-Arrow’s Silver Arrow, the look of which often is described as “avant-garde”
but in many aspects it anticipated the early days of mid-century modernism and
was probably an influence on the remarkable Tatras from Czechoslovakia although,
with a front-mounted V12, under the striking bodywork, it was in many ways a conventional design. By far the most familiar in appearance was the Duesenberg Arlington Torpedo Sedan with one-off coachwork
by Rollston. While it lacked the rakish
appeal of some of the Duesenberg roadsters or phaetons, of its type it was a
fine expression and under the long hood of course sat the supercharged 420
cubic inch (6.9 litre) straight-8; with a 32 valve, DOHC (double overhead
camshafts) cylinder head, it was rated at 320 HP and was the industry’s most
powerful engine. Although not officially
revealed, rumors circulated the price tag was US$20,000 (equivalent to some
US$500,000 in 2026), leading the press to nickname it the “Twenty
Grand.”
The use of the prefix grand- in genealogical compounds is
a special case. The original meaning was
“a generation older than” and the earliest known reference is from the early
thirteenth century in the Anglo-French graund
dame (grandmother) & (later) grandsire (grandfather), etymologists
considering the latter possibly modeled on the avunculus magnus (great uncle).
The English grandmother & grandfather formally entered the language
in the fifteenth century and the extension of the concept from “a generation
older than” to “a generation younger than” was adopted in the Elizabethan era (1558-1603)
thus grandson, granddaughter etc. Grand
as a modifier clearly had appeal because in the US, the “Big Canyon” was in
1869 re-named the Grand Canyon. In the modern era grand has been appended
whenever there’s a need economically to convey the idea of a “bigger or more
significant” version of something thus such constructions as grand prix, grand
slam, grand larceny, grand theft auto, grand unification theory, grand master (a favorite both of chess players and the Freemasons) etc. While
“grand” can be a “loaded word” in that it can be deployed to convey something
positive or negative some related forms can be even more variable and often are
prone to misuse. These include “grandeur”
((1) the state of being grand or splendid; magnificence; (2) the state of being
noble; (3) largeness; tallness; loftiness (archaic), “grandiose” ((1) Large and
impressive, in size, scope or extent; (2) pompous or pretentious; (3)
magnificent or spectacular and “grandiloquent” (of an individual, their writing
or speech): given to using language in a showy way by using may obscure or long
words.
The Grand Jury
Donald Trump in Manhattan Criminal Court, April 2022.
The Manhattan
grand jury which indicted Donald Trump (b 1946; POTUS 2017-2021 and since 2025) on 34 felony counts of "falsification of business records in the
first degree" is an example of an institution with origins in twelfth century
England although it didn’t generally become known as the “grand jury” until the
mid-1400s. At least some of the charges
against Mr Trump relate to the accounting associated with “hush-money” payment
made in some way to Stormy Daniels (b 1979; the stage name of Stephanie Gregory
although Mr Trump prefers “horseface” which seems both ungracious and unfair) and reports at the time offered the prospect of more legal-political drama, the suggestion he'd likely have to face more grand juries hearing more
serious matters.
A grand jury is a group of citizens (usually between
16-23) who review evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether the case
made seems sufficiently compelling to bring criminal charges. A grand jury operates in secret and its proceedings
are not open to the public, unlike a trial before a jury (a smaller assembly and
classically a dozen although the numbers now vary and once it was sometimes
called a petit jury (petit (small), from the Middle English petit, from the Old French petit, from the Late Latin pitittus, a diminutive of pit-). It is this smaller
jury which ultimately will pronounce whether a defendant is guilty or not; all
a grand jury does is determine whether a matter proceeds to trial in which case
it will issue an indictment, which at law is a formal accusation. The origins of the grand jury in medieval
England, where it was used as a means of investigating and accusing individuals
of crimes was to prevent abuses of power by the king and his appointed officers
of state although it was very much designed to protect the gentry and
aristocracy from the king rather than any attempt to extend legal rights to most
of the population.
The grand jury has been retained in the legal systems of
only two countries: the US and Liberia.
Many jurisdictions now use a single judge or magistrate in a lower court
to conduct a preliminary hearing but the principle is the same: what has to be
decided is whether, on the basis of the evidence presented, there’s a
reasonable prospect a properly instructed (petit) jury would convict. In the US, the grand jury has survived because
the institution was enshrined in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution: “No
person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising
in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time
of War or public danger.” The grand
jury was thought a vital protection against arbitrary prosecutions by the
government, and it was included in the Bill of Rights (1689) to ensure individuals would not be subject to unjustified criminal charges. There is an argument that, by virtue of England’s
wondrously flexible unwritten constitution, the grand jury hasn't been abolished but they're merely no longer summoned. It's an interesting theory but few support the notion, the Criminal Justice Act (2003) explicitly transferring the functions to the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) and the model of the office of DPP (Director
of Public Prosecutions) has been emulated elsewhere in the English-speaking
world. Presumably, a resuscitation would require the DPP to convene a grand jury and (if challenged on grounds of validity) the courts have to concur but as late as 1955 an English court was prepared to hold a court which had for centuries neither sat nor held a hearing remained extant so the arguments would be interesting.
The “Grand Mercedes”: The Grosser tradition
Der Grossers: 1935 Mercedes-Benz 770 K (W07) of Emperor Shōwa (Hirohita, 1901–1989, emperor of Japan 1926-1989 (left)), Duce & Führer in 1939 Mercedes-Benz 770 K (W150) leading a phalanx of Grossers, Munich, 1940 (centre) and comrade Marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980) in 1966 Mercedes-Benz 600 six-door Landaulet (W100), Belgrade, 1967 (right).
Produced in three series (770 K (W07, 1930–1938 & W150, 1939-1945) & 600 (W100, 1963-1981)) the usual translation in English of “Grosser Mercedes” is “Grand Mercedes” and that is close to the German understanding which is something between “great”, “big” and “top-of-the-line”. In German & Austrian navies (off & on) between 1901-1945, a Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) was the equivalent to the (five star) Admiral of the Fleet (UK) or Fleet Admiral (US); the rank was abolished in 1945 and has never been re-established. When the 600 was released in 1963, it may have been the last time a single model could be described as "the best car in the world" but, driven to extinction in 1981 by an oil crisis and an array of regulations never envisaged when it was designed, it wasn’t replaced and the factory didn’t return to the idea until a prototype was displayed at the 1997 Tokyo Motor Show. The specification and engineering was impressive but the appearance was underwhelming, a feeling reinforced when the production version (2002-2013) emerged not as an imposing Grosser Mercedes but a Maybach, a curious choice which seemed to suggest a marque which for a century had been the choice of popes, presidents & potentates was no longer good enough. Although dynamically a fine car (at the time the best of its type), the Maybach looked something like a big Hyundai and lingered for a slow-selling decade before an unlamented death, suggesting the MBAs who decided on a re-branding using a name with little resonance except among except automotive & military historians should stick to washing powder marketing strategies.
Grand, Grand Luxe & Gran
Jaguar 420G publicity material, 1966.
Car
manufacturers were attracted to the word because of the connotations (bigger,
better, more expensive etc). When in
1966 Jaguar updated their slow-selling Mark X (1961-1966), it was integrated
into what proved a short-lived naming convention, based on the engine displacement. Under the system, with a capacity of 4.2
litres (258 cubic inch) the thing had to be called 420 but there was a smaller
saloon in the range so-named so the bigger Mark X was renamed 420G. Interestingly, when the 420G was released,
any journalist who asked was told “G” stood for “Grand” which is why that
appeared in the early reports although the factory seems never officially to
have used the word, the text in the brochures reading variously: 420G, 420 G or
420 “G”. The re-naming did little to
encourage sales although the 420G remained in production until 1970 by which
time production had dwindled to a trickle, the car rendered instantly a relic when the
epoch-making XJ6 (in three generations, 1968-1992) made its debut in 1968. The use of a "G" is unusual in product names although it has appeared as a part of alphabetical sequences (bras and certain Chryslers for example) but when in 1989 the now defunct software manufacturer Lotus released a version of their 1-2-3 spreadsheet for IBM's new OS/2 operating system, it was called 1-2-3/G, the "G" a nod to the product using OS/2's Presentation Manager (a GUI (Graphical User Interface)). Lotus 1-2-3 was one of the PC (personal computer) industry's original "killer apps" and along with WordPerfect & dBASE III was the backbone of corporate software in the 1980s but the universe shifted and all are now historic footnotes. As IBM had for OS/2, Lotus had grand plans for 1-2-3/G but both fell victim to Microsoft's better implemented strategy for global domination.
The tale of the Mark X & 420G is emblematic
of the missed opportunities and mismanagement which would afflict the British
industry during the 1970s & 1980s.
In 1961, the advanced specification of the Mark X (unitary construction,
independent rear suspension, four-wheel disc brakes) made it an outstanding
platform and had Jaguar fitted an enlarged version of the Superb V8 they had
gained with their purchase in 1960 of Daimler, it would have been an ideal
niche competitor in mid-upper reaches of the lucrative US market. Except for the engine, it needed little
change except better ventilation and the installation of a good
air-conditioning system, then already perfected by Detroit. Although the Daimler V8 and Borg-Warner
gearbox couldn't have matched the ultimate refinement of what were by then the
finest engine-transmission combinations in the world, the English pair
certainly had their charms and would have seduced many.
1969 Pontiac Grand Prix SJ 428. The use of "SJ" was a borrowing from the celebrated Duesenberg SJs (1932-1937) which exerted an influence well beyond the three dozen built.
Pontiac’s
memorable 1969 Grand Prix also might have gained some allure from the
word. The term “Grand Prix” still is most
associated with top-level motorsport (although it originally was borrowed from Grand Prix de Paris (Big Prize of
Paris), a race for thoroughbred horses staged at the Longchamps track) so
although Pontiac’s rather large 1962 Grand Prix was far removed from a racing
car, it was marketed on the basis of “high performance” so the tag would have
made sense given the way labels were applied in the era. However, big as it was, it got bigger and the
second generation (1965-1968) morphed into something truly grand in size if not
dynamic qualities. Style returned when the
third generation (1969-1972) was released, the look dominated by the elongated nose which truly was a triumph of fashion over function; although fitted with
V8 engines with displacements as large as 455 cubic inches (7.5 litre), the
power-plants, while relatively wide, were quite short and under that long
hood (bonnet) was a compartment that easily could have housed two V8s or a
V16. As a piece of packaging efficiency
it was an absurdity but undeniably it was a dramatic look and sales
spiked. The 1969-1970 cars remain the
most highly regarded of the third generation, the few hundred with the 428
cubic inch (7.0 litre) HO (High Output) V8 coupled with a four-speed manual
transmission the most collectable. From
there, although over a further five generations the Grand Prix remained
successful enough to remain in the catalogue until 2008, the best years were over and at
some point in the 1970s or 1980s (opinions differ), there was little about the
by then dreary Grand Prix which seemed at all grand.
Although a bit deluxe, not especially grand: 1980 TF (Mark V) Ford Cortina GL.
During the
interwar years (1919-1939) “deluxe” (borrowed from the world of fashion) found to be a good label to apply to a car with bling added and sold for a premium well beyond what the adornments cost; the concept proved so profitable it remains practiced to this day. Deluxe (sometimes as De luxe) was a
commercial adaptation of the French de
luxe (of luxury), from the Latin luxus
(excess), from the primitive Indo-European lewg-
(bend, twist). The “deluxe” label worked
so well it begat “Super Deluxe” & “Grand Luxe” both genuinely coinings of
the industry. Deluxe and Grand Luxe
eventually fell from favour as model names for blinged-up creations became more
inventive but the initializations L, DL & GL were adopted by some, the
latter surviving longest by which time it was understood to signify just
something better equipped and thus more expensive; it’s doubtful many made a
literal connection to “Grand Luxe”.
A linguistic
curiosity of the US motor industry in the 1970s was “Gran” which technically
was a truncation of “grand” but with no connection with “gran” as an affectionate
diminutive of “grandmother” or the many uses (as Gran) as a proper noun
(surnames, locality names etc). It was
Chrysler’s Plymouth Division which for years championed “Gran” (though Buick used it too) and while the Gran
Fury (1980-1989) was the longest serving, more linguistically interesting were the
“Gran Coupe” (1970-1971) versions of the third generation (1970-1974) Barracuda
and the 1971 Fury III Gran Coupe. The
Barracuda Gran Coupe was a bit of mission creep for the word “coupe” because
the model was available as both a two-door hardtop and a convertible (in 1970
only). That was at the time unusual but
not wholly without (a partial) precedent because for generations English manufacturers
had referred to their larger convertibles as DHCs (drophead coupé).
1971 Plymouth Fury III Gran Coupe (which was a four-door hardtop). However,
the 1971 Fury III Gran Coupe was a genuine first because it had four
doors. The notion of a “four-door coupé”
was not new because in the UK, Rover (a company with a history of adventurism
in engineering which belied its staid image) in 1962 released a pillared
version of the 3 Litre (P5, 1958-1967) four-door saloon with a lowered
roof-line and some different interior fittings; this they named “3 Litre Coupé” which puzzled those
who had become used to the designation being applied to two-door machines but
etymologically, Rover was correct. Coupé
was from the French coupé, an
elliptical form of carosse coupé (cut
carriage), past participle of couper (to
cut)). Rover did cut-down the roof of
the P5 so that was consistent with the etymology but shamelessly, Plymouth,
which in 1970 had offered (an uncut) two door Fury II Gran Coupe, for 1971
introduced (the uncut) Fury III Gran Coupe with four door hardtop bodywork. So, there are (uncut) four door coupes
because Plymouth said so. The mysterious
“Gran” seems to have been used for no reason other than sounding vaguely “European”
and therefore imparting a more “upmarket” image than the by then common “Grand”. It was at the time a trend which saw the
adoption of “Brougham”, “Monaco”, “Cordoba”, “Monte Carlo”, “rich Corinthian
leather” and such although the brutish “Grand” would make a comeback when
Plymouth turned to making people movers (vans with more seats).
In the matter of Grand Theft Auto (GTA5): Lindsay Lohan v Take-Two Interactive Software Inc et al, New York Court of Appeals (No 24, pp1-11, 29 March 2018)
In a case which took an unremarkable four years from filing to reach New York’s highest appellate court, Lindsay Lohan’s suit against the makers (Take-Two, aka Rockstar) of the video game Grand Theft Auto V was dismissed. In a unanimous ruling in March 2018, six judges of the New York Court of Appeals rejected her invasion of privacy claim which alleged one of the game’s characters was based on her. The judges found the "actress/singer" in the game merely resembled a “generic young woman” rather than anyone specific. Unfortunately the judges seemed unacquainted with the concept of the “basic white girl” which might have made the judgment more of a fun read.
Beware of imitations: The real Lindsay Lohan and the GTA 5
ersatz, a mere "
generic young woman".Concurring with the 2016 ruling of the New York County Supreme Court which, on appeal, also found for the game’s makers, the judges, as a point of law, accepted the claim a computer game’s character "could be construed a portrait", which "could constitute an invasion of an individual’s privacy" but, on the facts of the case, the likeness was "not sufficiently strong". The “…artistic renderings are an indistinct, satirical representation of the style, look and persona of a modern, beach-going young woman... that is not recognizable as the plaintiff" Judge Eugene Fahey (b 1951) wrote in his ruling. Judge Fahey's words recalled those of Potter Stewart (1915–1985; associate justice of the US Supreme Court 1958-1981) when in Jacobellis v Ohio (378 U.S. 184 (1964) writing of the concept of "obsenity" he wrote: “I shall not today attempt further to define… and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it…” Judge Fahey knew a basic white girl when he saw one; he just couldn't name her. Lindsay Lohan's lawyers did not seek leave to appeal.
The game’s
developers may have taken the risk of incurring Lindsay Lohan’s wrath and
indignation because they’d been lured into a false sense of security by crooked
Hillary Clinton (b 1947; US secretary of state 2009-2013) not filing a writ
after a likeness of her appeared on GTA 4’s (2008) Statue Of Happiness which
stands on Happiness Island, just off the coast of Liberty City. The Statue of Happiness was a blatant knock-off
of New York’s Statue of Liberty and crooked Hillary became a determined and
acerbic critic of Rockstar and the GTA franchise when details of the “Hot Coffee affair” were revealed. That controversy arose after modders promulgated
a code which in GTA: San Andreas’ release
(2004) unlocked a hidden “mini-game” which allowed players to control explicit
on-screen sex acts. Men having sex (however defined) with
women with whom they don’t enjoy benefit of marriage was a bit of a sore point
with crooked Hillary, then a US senator (Democrat-New York), who embarked on a campaign
for new regulations be imposed on the industry and the most immediate
consequence was the ESRB (Entertainment Software Rating Board) launching an investigation,
subsequently raising GTA: San Andreas’s rating from “M” (Mature) to “AO” (Adults
Only, 18+) until the objectionable content was removed. For those who wondered if the frankly frightening
visage on the GTA 4 statute really was what some suspected, the object’s file
name was “stat_hilberty01.wdr”.
Rockstar's Statue Of Happiness in GTA 4 (2008, left) and an official photograph of crooked Hillary Clinton (right).
Rockstar seeking
vengeance was understandable because crooked Hillary’s moral crusade proved
tiresome for the company. Once the ESRB
had been nudged into action, crooked Hillary petitioned the FTC (Federal Trade
Commission) to (1) find the source of the game's “graphic pornographic and violent content”,
(2) determine if it should be slapped with an AO rating and (3) “examine the
adequacy of the retailers' rating enforcement policies.” Not content, she then announced she’d be sponsoring
in the Senate a bill for an act which would make it a federal crime (with a
mandatory US$5,000 fine) to sell to anyone under 18, violent or sexually
explicit video games; the FEPA (Family Entertainment Protection Act) was filed on 17
December, 2005 and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science and
Transportation, where quietly it was allowed to expire.
While the bill was undergoing a slow strangulation in committee hearings (killing bills one of the great arts in the US political system), the FTC and Rockstar reached
a settlement, the commission ruling the company had violated the FTCA (Federal Trade
Commission Act (1914)) by failing to disclose the inclusion of “unused, but
potentially viewable” explicit content” (that it was enabled by a
third party was held to be “not relevant”).
The settlement required Rockstar “clearly and prominently disclose on product packaging and
in any promotion or advertisement for electronic games, content relevant to the
rating, unless that content had been disclosed sufficiently in prior
submissions to the rating authority” with violations punishable by a
fine of up to US$11,000. In the spirit
of the now again fashionable Calvin "silent Cal" Coolidge (1872-1933; POTUS 1923-1929) era capitalism, no fine was imposed for the “hot coffee incident”, honor presumably satisified by the company already having booked a US$24.5 million loss from the product recall
earlier mandated.
