Valentine (pronounced val-uhn-tahyn)
(1) A card, message,
token or gift sent by one person to another on Valentine's Day (14 February) as
a mark of affection. Historically they
were usually amatory or sentimental but there are also commercially available
versions (usually as cards or e-cards) which are satirical, comical or
sardonic. They were often (and perhaps
still are) send anonymously but in an age when the awareness of stalking has
become heightened, caution is now recommended.
(2) A sweetheart or object of desire chosen or greeted on
this day.
(3) A written or other artistic work expressing affection
for something or someone (the latter often a poetic or literary device).
(4) A surname and a given name, the latter variously
feminine or masculine according to local convention.
(5) As Saint Valentine (circa 226-circa 269), a saint
commemorated in both Western Christianity & Eastern Orthodoxy.
(6) A locality name in a number of places.
1400–1450 (in the sense of the adoption in English): From
the late Middle English, from the ecclesiastical feast of Saint Valentine (14
February). The derived forms are rarely
used. The adjective valentinesy
(something characteristic of Saint Valentine's Day) can be used of some romantic
act usually more associated with 14 February and does have the advantage of being a
single word which does the job which would otherwise take a phrase but the only
thing that can be said in favor of the noun valentining (the practice of giving
and (presumably) receiving something on Saint Valentine's Day) is that it seems not yet
to have become a verb. The noun
Valentinian was used to describe a member or adherent of the second century AD
school of Judaizing Gnostics, founded by Valentinus (circa 100–circa 180). Valentinus seems to have been among the most
popular of the early Christian Gnostic theologians and the legend is he founded
his school in Rome after being passed over for appointment to a bishopric. The use as a name is derived ultimately from the Latin
Valentinus, from valeō (I am strong, healthy) and by accepted reckoning,
Valentinus (circa 780-827; pope 780) was the hundredth pope of the Roman
Catholic Church ("Pontiff 100" the preferred designation among Vatican
archivists); he sat on the throne of
Saint Peter "for forty days and forty nights". Valentine evolved as a unisex given name, in
use for males since the late fifteenth century and it’s been given also to
females although this has been rare except in France (and the Francophone parts
of the old French Empire) where it’s treated as a feminine form of Valentin. Elsewhere, the usual feminine form is Valentina.
The precise origins of Valentine's Day are murky. All agree the church festivals, feasts and
holidays were named after Saint Valentine but there were a number of them in early
Christianity and despite much digging, no authenticated documentary evidence
has emerged to confirm which one deserves credit. Revisionist historians have linked the later
tradition to the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, celebrated mid-February, Lupercalia was a fertility festival
dedicated to Faunus (Roman god of agriculture) and the mythical founders of
Rome, the brothers Romulus & Remus. A kind of pre-modern blind-date night, during
the festival, young men would draw names of young women from a jar and with whomever emerged from this lucky dip they would be coupled for the duration of the festival (hopefully longer
if the things worked out). The
revisionists like the idea of a link because it hints at another example of an
event on the church list owing less to theology or uniquely Christian history than
being a takeover of a pagan festival (a la Christmas). On and off, for centuries, between 496 when
Gelasius I (d 496; pope 492-November 496) dedicated 14 February as the feast
day on which the Christian martyr Saint Valentine was to be celebrated, it remained on the list was in 1955 struck from the General Roman Calendar by Pius XII (1876-1958; pope
1939-1958), along with an array of other minor or obscure feasts which were relegated to mere “events” within the rituals of the formal ecclesiastical calendar. However, in 2007 Benedict XVI (1927–2022; pope
2005-2013, pope emeritus 2013-2022) issued the motu proprio (literally “on his own impulse”, a kind of executive
decree) Summorum Pontificum (Of the
Supreme Pontiffs) (described by some as “a
shot across the bows of Vatican II” but really more a torpedo into the
engine room) which was promulgated to permit the restoration of earlier forms
of ritual (notably those conducted in Latin) but had the (perhaps unintended) effect
of allowing feasts such as those of Saint Valentine to return as stand-alone
events should that be the will of the local congregation.
By far the most popular version of the origin is that
linked with Saint Valentine (circa 226-circa 269). Valentine may have been the Bishop of Terni (in
the modern day region of Umbria in Central Italy) but he was certainly a member
of the Christian clergy and like many of them, he was persecuted by the
authorities; even if not devoted pagans, many in authority did not much like
trouble makers and alternative power structures (as members of the Falun Gong
don’t need to be reminded). There are different tales of just what were the activities which led eventually martyrdom including
Valentine baptizing young men liable for military conscription (their status as
Christians rendering them ineligible for service in the pagan army) but the
preferred version is the one associated with young lovers. It’s said Claudius II (214-270; Roman emperor 268-270) had banned marriage by young men, his rationale being single men
made better soldiers, apparently because they were (1) less troubled by the
thought of death and (2) more attracted to the prospect of the unlimited sexual
license (rape (in the modern sense) & pillage) which was at the time one of
the inducements to serve. Valentine
defied this imperial decree and in secret continued to conduct marriages
for young lovers; when this was discovered, Claudius had the renegade priest
arrested, brought to Rome and beheaded.
The act of execution seems sound historic fact although the
circumstances, like much which appears in medieval texts, can’t be verified and
while the tales of torture, prolonged beatings are plausible, it’s not certain
the emperor’s displeasure was triggered by the priest joining the young in
marriage; some histories suggest the execution was ordered merely because Valentine
refused to deny Christ as his true savior.
Such deaths were far from uncommon.
God however may have been on the side of true love because shortly after, Claudius was struck down, killed by “a pestilence”,
perhaps the Plague of Cyprian (250-270), one of the many epidemics that for centuries
came and went, killing millions.
There seems not to have been any connection between Saint
Valentine (or the celebrations in his name) and anything romantic until the notion appeared in the fourteenth century verse of Geoffrey Chaucer (circa
1344-1400) but the idea caught on to the extent that by the mid-fifteenth century,
it was well-known and the secular practices attached to 14 February appear to
have been tolerated by the Church and survived even the later puritans who
disapproved of just about everything. The fifteenth century customs are said to have
begun in the circles associated with the French & English royal courts but
it may simply be that the records of that class have survived better and the tales
of February being the month when birds find their mates became part of the folk
etymology. The earliest known use of a
valentine being “a letter or card sent to a sweetheart” dates from 1824 and the
custom of sending special cards or letters on this date flourished in England in
the mid-nineteenth century, declining gradually until the early years of the
1900s. In the 1920s, modern capitalism
(led by card manufacturers) revived the idea and for those selling cards,
chocolates and flowers, 14 February has since provided good business and the
rise of the internet has done little to blunt demand, virtual roses and
chocolates just not the same.
Flowers, chocolate and stylized red hearts being the universal lingua franca
when seeking courtship with a young lady, even in the People's Republic of
China (PRC), Valentine’s Day (情人节, qíngrén jié)
has become a thing. The Chinese
Communist Party (CCP) approve not at all of decadent Western influence and
Christian saints (the only "true" saints being venerable figures like
the General Secretary of the CCP) but it's good for business and adds to GDP so, simultaneously the day is tolerated and ignored. The idea though has spread, several other
days to one degree or another also marked including (1) White Valentine’s Day (白色情人节, báisè qíngrén jié)
on 14 March when the tradition is for women who have a month earlier received
something to respond with a gift of chocolate, (2) 520 Day (wǔ’èr línga) on
20 May; it's pronounced as wǔ èr líng which sounds like “I love
you” (wǒ ài nǐ) in Mandarin and it's said to be entirely the invention
of Chinese business, (3) the Qi Xi Festival (七夕节, qīxì jié)
celebrated on 7 July on the lunar calendar (which occurs usually in August) and
based on the romantic tale of two lovers who can meet but once a year, (4) the Lantern Festival (元宵节, yuánxiāo jié) held on the 15th day in the lunar
calendar; it has ancient origins from the days when this was one of the few occasions
young women left the home, going out to light a lantern which signified they
were single and willing to meet a partner and (5) Single’s Day (双十一, shuāng shíyī)
on 11 November, a recent invention said originally to have been a kind of
dating society created by students at Nanjing university but which was quickly
co-opted by rapacious Chinese commerce; even in the PRC it was criticized for blatant
consumerism (it’s by value now one of the world’s biggest on-line shopping days
although analysts are cautioning the downturn in the economy and rising youth
unemployment may affect sales in 2024).
Still, even with all those options, with the recent awareness of the
demographic problem created by all those “leftover women” choosing to
remain single and not have babies, the CCP may decide to encourage Valentine's
day. Even those who marry often can't be
induced to have more than one child so the most obvious catchment for increased
procreation are the young singles: Valentine's Day target market. The CCP is better at social engineering than
many Western governments and may be tempted to make Valentine's Day compulsory, penalties imposed
on eligible bachelors and spinsters "at risk" (the historic term for women deemed capable of falling pregnant) found to have neither sent nor received a box of chocolates.
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