Scoop (pronounced skoop)
(1) A ladle or ladle-like utensil, especially a small,
deep-sided shovel with a short, horizontal handle, for taking up flour, sugar
etc.
(2) A utensil composed of a palm-sized hollow hemisphere
attached to a horizontal handle, for dishing out ice cream or other soft foods.
(3) A hemispherical portion of food as dished out by such
a utensil.
(4) The bucket of a dredge, steam shovel etc.
(5) In medicine, a spoon-like surgical apparatus for
removing substances or foreign objects from the body; a special spinal board
used by emergency department staff that divides laterally (ie literally “scooping
up” patients).
(6) A hollow or hollowed-out place.
(7) The act of ladling, dipping, dredging etc.
(8) The quantity held in a ladle, dipper, shovel, bucket
etc.
(9) In journalism, a news item, report, or story revealed
in one paper, magazine, newscast etc before any other outlet; in informal use, news,
information, or details, especially as obtained from experience or an immediate
source.
(10) A gathering to oneself, indicated usually by a
sweeping motions of the hands or arms.
(11) In informal use, a big haul of something.
(12) In television & film production, a single-lens
large floodlight shaped like a flour scoop and fitted with a reflector.
(13) To win a prize, award, or large amount of money.
(14) In bat & ball sports, to hit the ball on its
underside so that it rises into the air.
(15) In hydrological management, a part of a drain used to
direct flow.
(16) In air-induction management (to the engines in cars,
boats, aircraft etc), a device which captures external the air-flow and directs
it for purposes of cooling or combustion.
(17) In Scots English, the peak of a cap.
(18) In pinball, a hole on the playfield that catches a
ball, but eventually returns it to play in one way or another.
(19) In surfboard design, the raised end of a board.
(20) In music (often as “scoop up”), to begin a vocal
note slightly below the target pitch and then to slide up to the target pitch, prevalent
particularly in country & western music.
1300–1350: From the Middle English scope & schoupe, from
the Middle Dutch scoep, scuep, schope & schoepe (bucket for bailing water) and the Middle Dutch schoppe, scoppe & schuppe (a
scoop, shovel (the modern Dutch being schop
(spade)), from the Proto-Germanic skuppǭ & skuppijǭ, from the primitive Indo-European kep & skep- (to cut,
to scrape, to hack). It was cognate with
the Old Frisian skuppe
(shovel), the Middle Low German schōpe
(scoop, shovel), the German Low German Schüppe
& Schüpp (shovel), the German Schüppe & Schippe (shovel, spade) and related to the Dutch schoep (vessel for baling). The mid-fourteenth century Middle English verb
scōpen (to bail out, draw out with a
scoop) was from the noun and was from the Middle Low German schüppen (to draw water), from the Middle
Dutch schoppen, from the Proto-Germanic
skuppon (source also of the Old Saxon
skeppian, the Dutch scheppen, the Old High German scaphan and the German schöpfen (to scoop, ladle out), from the
primitive Indo-European root skeubh-
(source also of the Old English sceofl (shovel)
and the Old Saxon skufla.
Sherman L Kelly's (1869–1952) ice-cream scoop (the dipper; 1935) was a masterpiece of modern industrial design and thought sufficiently aesthetically pleasing to be a permanent exhibit in New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Its most clever feature was the fluid encased in the handle; being made from cast aluminum, the heat from the user's hands was transferred to the cup, obviating the need for the moving parts sometimes used to separate the ice-cream for dishing out. The dipper is like the pencil, one of those designs which really can't be improved. In the industry, the technical term for the small but annoyingly intrusive globule of ice cream which appears at the base of a scoop is “skirt”. Some manufacturers of ice cream scoops (the advertising folk also like “scooper”) promote their product's ability to avoid “over-serving & wasteful skirt”.
The meaning “hand-shovel with a short handle and a deep,
hollow receptacle” dates from the late fifteenth century while the extended
sense of “an instrument for gouging out a piece” emerged by 1706 while the colloquial
use to mean “a big haul” was from 1893. The
journalistic sense of “the securing and publication of exclusive information in
advance of a rival” was an invention of US English, first used in 1874 in the
newspaper business, echoing the earlier commercial verbal slang which imparted
the sense of “appropriate so as to exclude competitors”, the use recorded in
1850 but thought to be considerably older.
The meaning "remove soft or loose material with a concave
instrument" dates from the early seventeenth century while sense of “action
of scooping” was from 1742; that of “amount in a scoop” being from 1832. The noun scooper (one who scoops) was first used
in the 1660s and the word was adopted early in the nineteenth century to
describe “a tool for scooping, especially one used by wood-engravers”, the form
the agent noun from the verb scoop. Scoop
is a noun & verb, scooper & scoopful are nouns and scooped &
scooping are verbs; the noun plural is scoops.
XPLR//Create’s fluid dynamics tests comparing the relative efficiency of ducts (left) & scoops (right).
In air-induction management (to the engines in cars,
boats, aircraft etc), a scoop is a device which captures external the air-flow
and directs it for purposes of cooling or combustion. An air scoop differs from an air duct in that
a scoop stands proud of a structure's surface allowing air to be
"rammed" into its ducting while a duct is an aperture integrated into
the structure, "sucking" air in from the low pressure zone created by
its geometry. For a given size of aperture,
a scoop can achieve an airflow up to twice that of a duct but that doesn't of
necessity mean as scoop is always preferable, the choice depending on the
application. In situations where optimal
aerodynamic efficiency is desired, a duct may be chosen because scoops can
increase frontal area and almost always, regardless of placement, leave a wake of
turbulent air, further increasing drag.
It's thus one of those trade-offs with which engineers are familiar: If
a scoop is used then sufficient air is available for purposes of cooling &
combustion but at the cost of aerodynamic efficiency while if a duct is fitted,
drag is reduced but the internal air-flow might be inadequate.
NACA Ducts: 1969 Ford Shelby Mustang GT500 (left), 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1 351 (centre) & 1972 Ford Falcon GTHO Phase IV (Right).
When Ford introduced NACA ducts on the 1971 Mustangs (subsequently
adopted by Ford Australia in 1973 for the XB Falcon), whether in error or to
take advantage of the public’s greater “brand-awareness” of the National
Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA), they were promoted as “NASA ducts”. In fairness, the two institutions were
related, NASA created in 1958 after the National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics (NACA) was dissolved, the process essentially a name change
although much had changed since the NACA’s formation in 1915, the annual budget
then US$5000 and the dozen committee members unpaid. The NACA duct was one of many innovations the
institution provided to commercial and military aviation and in the post-war
years race cars began to appear with them, positioned variously to channel air to
radiators, brakes and fuel induction systems as required.
Scoops: 1969 Ford Mustang Boss 429 (left), 1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 428 CobraJet (with shaker scoop) (centre) & 1974 Pontiac Trans Am 455 SD (with rearward-facing scoop) (right).
From those pragmatic purposes, the ducts migrated to road
cars where often they were hardly a necessity and, in some cases, merely
decorative, no plumbing sitting behind what was actually a fake aperture. Scoops appeared too, some appearing extravagantly
large but there were applications where the volume of air required was so high
that a NACA duct which would provide for the flow simply couldn’t be fashioned. That said, on road cars, there were always suspicions
that some scoops might be fashionably rather than functionally large, the lines
drawn in the styling and not the engineering office. There was innovation in scoops too, some
rearward facing to take advantage of the inherently cool, low pressure air
which accumulated in the cowl area at the base of the windscreen although the
best remembered scoops are probably the “shakers”, assemblies protruding
through a hole in the hood (bonnet) and attached directly to the air-cleaner
which sat atop the carburetor, an arrangement which shook as the engine
vibrated. By such things, men are much amused.
The inaugural meeting of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 23 April 1915.
A New York Post scoop, 29 June 2007. This was the Murdoch press's biggest scoop since the publication in 1983 of the "Hitler Diaries". The "diaries" turned out to be forgeries; the picture of Lindsay Lohan resting in a Cadillac was genuine.
Japanese gold-lined sugar scuttle & sugar scoop with laurel leaf detailing (circa 1970s, left) and William IV Sterling Silver Sugar Bowl, John Fry II, London, England, 1832 (right). Sugar scoops are used to scoop sugar from a “sugar scuttle” whereas if one’s sugar is in a “sugar bowl”, a “sugar spoon” is used. The difference between a “sugar spoon” and a “tea spoon” is the former has a deeper and usually more rounded bowl and most are supplied as part of a “tea set” or “tea service”, often with the same decorative elements.
upper speed ranges.
Jaguar E-Type: S1 with covered headlight light (left), S1.25 with early "sugar scoop" (centre) and S2 with later "sugar scoop" (right).
After the Jaguar E-type's (1961-1974; sometimes known in the US as XK-E or XKE) lovely headlight covers were legislated to extinction, the replacement uncovered apparatus came to be called “sugar scoops”, a term earlier used for the Volkswagens & Porsche sold in North America US market which had to be fitted with sealed-beam headlights because of protectionist rules designed for the benefit of US manufacturers. The use of “sugar scoop” for the E-Type was appropriate because the visual link with the original utensil was much more obvious than on the Volkswagens & Porsches.
A US market 1977 Porsche 911 (1964-1989), fitted with the front bumper assembly of a later 911 (964 (1989-1994)): The original “sugar scoops” are seen on the left and the replacement Hella H4 lights are to the right (in RoW cars both H2 & H4 units were fitted).
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