Tortoise (pronounced tawr-tuhs)
(1) Any herbivorous terrestrial chelonian reptile of the
family Testudinidae (mostly North American) or the order Testudines (elsewhere
in the English-speaking world), the body of which is enclosed in a shell
(carapace plus plastron), the animal able to withdraw its head and four legs
partially into the shell, providing some protection from predators.
(2) Another word for testudo.
(3) Figuratively, a very slow person or thing, the idea explored
in Aesop’s ambiguous fable “The Tortoise
and the Hare”.
1550s: A variant of various Middle English words
including the late fifteenth century tortuse,
the mid-fifteenth century tortuce, the
late fourteenth century tortuge and tortose,
& tortuca (all of which may have
been influenced by the Old French tortue
and the word porpoise), and probably from the mid-thirteenth century Medieval
Latin tortūca, from the Late Latin tartarūcha the feminine form of Tartarus, from the Ancient Greek ταρταροῦχος (tartaroûkhos)
(a mythological spirit, holder of Tartaros
(or Tartarus), the land of the dead
in ancient stories), the tortoise being regarded as an infernal animal with
origins in the depths of the underworld.
The Medieval Latin form was influenced by the Latin tortus (crooked, twisted), that base on the shape of the creatures’
feet. The Latin tortus was also the source of the English tort (the branch of law dealing
with the civil remedies available for wrongful acts). In Classical Latin the word was testudo, from testa (shell) and the words derived from Latin displaced the native
Old English byrdling; the long
obsolete synonym was shellpad. Tortoise is a noun; the noun plural is
tortoises.
Detail of an oval multi-foiled dish with chinoiserie motifs, tortoiseshell with gold and mother-of-pearl piqué work (circa 1740) by Giuseppe Sarao (circa 1710-circa 1775) of Naples, once owned by Baron Henri de Rothschild (1872-1947).
The noun carapace (upper shell of a turtle or tortoise;
shell of an insect, crustacean etc) date from 1836 and was from the eighteenth
century French carapace (tortoise shell),
from the Spanish carapacho or
Portuguese carapaça, both of uncertain
origin but may be related to the Latin capa
(cape). The noun turtle (tortoise)
emerged circa 1600, originally in the form "marine tortoise" from the
thirteenth century French tortue
& tortre (turtle, tortoise) of
unknown origin. Etymologists suspect the English turtle may be a sailors'
mauling of the French and it was later extended to land tortoises, the sea-turtle
noted since the 1610s.
Lindsay Lohan in tortoiseshell-frame sunglasses, Los Angeles. 2012.
The use of the common terms turtle, tortoise, and terrapin vary by geography. In North America, turtle tends to be the general term while tortoise is used only in reference to terrestrial turtles or those members of Testudinidae, the family of modern land tortoises. Terrapin is applied usually to turtles that are small and live in fresh and brackish water. Elsewhere in the English-speaking world, turtle is used generally of the aquatic while tortoise is applied to land-dwelling members of the order Testudines (regardless of whether they are actually members of the family Testudinidae). One antipodean linguistic anomaly is that although land tortoises are not native to Australia, freshwater turtles traditionally have been called tortoises. Non specialists often use tortoise and turtle interchangeably and although the most commonly accepted distinction is that tortoises are terrestrial (land-dwelling) and turtles aquatic, it’s not a zoological rule because the box turtle is primarily terrestrial and confusingly, is also called the box tortoise. One helpful physical indication is that aquatic turtles (like snapping turtles) have webbed feet or flippers whereas turtles known as tortoises typically have stubby, round feet, and their shells are often more domed.
A sea turtle showing its classic tortoiseshell pattern & coloring.
Tortoises are studied by herpetologists, a field which encompasses reptiles and amphibians, the word from the Ancient Greek ἑρπετόν (herpetón) (creeping animal, reptile, especially a snake) + -ologist. The relatively rare suffix -ologist is the alternative spelling of -logist (one who studies a subject), the construct being -logy (study of) + -ist (the agent suffix). The suffix -ology was formed from -o- (as an interconsonantal vowel) + -logy. The origin in English of the -logy suffix lies with loanwords from the Ancient Greek, usually via Latin and French, where the suffix (-λογία) is an integral part of the word loaned (eg astrology from astrologia) since the sixteenth century. French picked up -logie from the Latin -logia, from the Ancient Greek -λογία (-logía). Within Greek, the suffix is an -ία (-ía) abstract from λόγος (lógos) (account, explanation, narrative), and that a verbal noun from λέγω (légō) (I say, speak, converse, tell a story). In English the suffix became extraordinarily productive, used notably to form names of sciences or disciplines of study, analogous to the names traditionally borrowed from the Latin (eg astrology from astrologia; geology from geologia) and by the late eighteenth century, the practice (despite the disapproval of the pedants) extended to terms with no connection to Greek or Latin such as those building on French or German bases (eg insectology (1766) after the French insectologie; terminology (1801) after the German Terminologie). Within a few decades of the intrusion of modern languages, combinations emerged using English terms (eg undergroundology (1820); hatology (1837)). In this evolution, the development may be though similar to the latter-day proliferation of “-isms” (fascism; feminism et al).
In the style of late mid-century modern, a serving tray (circa 1970) by Guzzini of Italy, the platter of acrylic & acrylic glass with brass handles. The use of the tortoiseshell motif on a large flat surface illustrates the possibilities offered by synthetics. Such things can now be 3D-printed.
The oldest known reference to tortoise shell (also tortoise-shell
& tortoiseshell) as a pattern of markings is from 1782 although for
decorative purposes it had been prized for centuries. The material is made from the shell of the
larger species of turtles & tortoises and the attractive and unusual
combinations of colors and patterning has seen the name tortoiseshell attached
to some species, most famously the breed of domestic cat and several butterflies. The attractiveness of the mottled material,
its durability and even the pleasingly natural touch made tortoiseshell a
popular material with consumers and it was famously used in inlays by French craftsman
André-Charles Boulle (1642–1732) who lent his name to the distinctive
style. As a natural product, the some variations
in style and color were especially valued and it was one of those commodities
men sometimes killed to obtain. Such was
the demand that some species of sea turtles became threatened although trade in
the substance, first restricted by treaty under the CITES (Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) process, wasn’t wholly
banned until early in the twenty-first century.
The appearance of the natural tortoiseshell is now emulated in a variety
of synthetic materials including cellulose acetate and various thermoplastics.
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