Cutthroat

Cutthroat (pronounced kuht-throht)

(1) Slang for a murderer (regardless of chosen method) or one thought capable of murder.

(2) Ruthless in competition.

(3) In games of cards where the rules permit each of three or more persons to act and score as an individual.

(4) In billiards, a three person game where the object is to be the last player with at least one ball still on the table.

(5) The Cutthroat eel, a family, Synaphobranchidae, of eels found worldwide in temperate and tropical seas.

(6) The Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes.

(7) The Cutthroat finch, a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa.

(8) The Cutthroat razor, a reusable knife blade used for shaving hair.

1525–1535: A compound word: cut + throat.  Cut (1175–1225) is from the Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten & ketten (to cut), from the Old English cyttan (related to the Scots kut & kit (to cut)), probably of North Germanic origin, from the Old Norse kytja & kutta, from the Proto-Germanic kutjaną & kuttaną (to cut), of uncertain origin, perhaps related to the Proto-Germanic kwetwą (meat, flesh). It was akin to the Middle Swedish kotta (to cut or carve with a knife), the Swedish kuta & kytti (a knife)), the Norwegian kutte (to cut), the Icelandic kuta (to cut with a knife), the Old Norse kuti (small knife) and the Norwegian kyttel, kytel & kjutul (pointed slip of wood used to strip bark).  Descent from the Old French coutel (knife) is thought improbable.  It displaced the native Middle English snithen (from Old English snīþan (related to the German schneiden)), which still survives in some dialects as snithe.  Throat (pre-900) is from the Middle English throte, from the Old English throtu, þrote, þrota & þrotu (throat), from the Proto-Germanic þrutō (throat), from the primitive Indo-European trud- (to swell, become stiff).  It was cognate with the Dutch strot (throat), the German drossel (throttle, gorge of game (wild animals)), the Icelandic þroti (swelling) and the Swedish trut.  The Old English throtu was related to the Old High German drozza (throat) and the Old Norse throti (swelling).

Words with a similar meaning, include ferocious, vicious, savage, barbarous, bloodthirsty, cruel, dog-eat-dog, merciless, pitiless & relentless, unprincipled.  The alternative form is cut-throat although dictionaries note the rare use of cut throat.  Cutthroat is a noun & adjective; the noun plural is cutthroats.

The cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) is of the family Salmonidae and is native to a number of North American cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean and Rocky Mountains.  The common name "cutthroat" is derived from the coloration on the underside of the lower jaw.

Thug

Thug (pronounced thuhg)

(1) A cruel or vicious ruffian or robber; a violent, lawless person (applied almost always to men).

(2) One of a former group of professional robbers and murderers in India, known as the Thuggee, who strangled their victims; one of a band of assassins formerly active in northern India who worshipped Kali and offered their victims to her (sometimes initial capital letter).

(3) In domestic horticulture, an over-vigorous plant that spreads and dominates the flowerbed.

(4) A wooden bat used in the game of miniten, fitting around the player's hand. 

1810: From the Hindi ठग (thag) (used variously to mean swindler; fraud; rogue; cheat; thief), from the Ashokan Prakrit & Marathi ṭhagg & thak (cheat; swindler), from the Sanskrit स्थग (sthaga) (cunning, fraudulent, to cover, to conceal) hence स्थगति (sthagati) (he/she/it covers, he/she/it conceals) from the Proto-Indo-Aryan sthagáti from the primitive Indo-European (s)teg (to cover with a roof).  Thug is a noun & verb, thuggery, thuggism, thuggishness & thugness are nouns, thuggish & thuglike are adjectives and thuggishly is an adverb; the noun plural is thugs.

Thugs under the Raj

Like much colonialism, the Raj was a pretty thuggish business so the antics of the thuggees should at least have been recognizable to the British.  Although known since 1810 as the Thuggees (soon clipped by the colonial administrators to "thugs"), there had been marauding gangs of thieves and murderers who plied their trade along the transport corridors between Indian towns for centuries, the correct Indian name for which was phanseegur (from phansi (noose)), their nefarious activities described in English as early as circa 1665 (and in Hindi texts, from the thirteenth century).

Thuggees at work.

The Thuggees roamed the country in bands of a few to some dozens, often disguised as peddlers or pilgrims, gaining the confidence of other travelers who, opportunistically, they would strangle with a scarf, an unwound turban or a noosed cord; the shedding of blood was rare.  While the motive of many was mere plunder, some practiced a certain religious fanaticism, the victims hidden in graves dug with consecrated tools, a third of the spoils devoted to the goddess Kali, worshiped by the gangs.  Under the Raj, the Thuggees were regarded a threat to internal security and from the early 1830s were subject to crackdowns by civil and military authorities; by the century's end, they’d ceased to exist.  Thug’s meaning-shift to the generalized sense of "ruffian, cutthroat, violent lowbrow" began in 1839 and was in use throughout the English-speaking world by the early twentieth century.  In the US, thug became associated with racism, used as a racist epithet applied specifically to African American men to portray them as violent criminals and when used thus, substituted for other racist slurs even by the 1930s were (at least outside the South) becoming socially unacceptable.  However, in what’s became known as "linguistic reclamation" a sub-set of the African American community adopted the word as an identifier, especially in some forms of popular music.

Peter Dutton, who has never denied being a Freemason.

In politics, the label "political thuggery" is liberally applied and while it’s usually a figurative reference, it’s not impossible Malcolm Turnbull (b 1954; prime-minister of Australia 2015-2018) was thinking literally when he described Peter Dutton (b 1970; leader of the opposition and leader of the Australian Liberal Party since May 2022) as “a thug”.  Such use isn’t new, the left-wing press in the UK fond of calling former cabinet minister Norman Tebbit (b 1931) a “Tory thug” which was a little unfair although his demeanour did little to discourage such an appellation.  It’s not always figurative and “political thuggery” can be used of the aggressive or violent tactics employed to secure some political end and this can extend to killings, in some places at scale.  One popular form is to “outsource” the dirty work by having mobs attack opposition rallies or meetings as well as the disruption effect this can provoke the impression one’s opponents are associated with violence, something especially easy to engender if there’s a compliant media anxious to support the campaign.  However, if some prominent figure is murdered, this tends to be called a “political assassination” and because of the potentially bad publicity, it’s a last resort; political thuggery is best when it stops short of murder.  Less bloody but still within the thuggish rubric are electoral dirty tricks including branch-stacking, ballot stuffing or tampering or any amount of deceptive advertising although it’s debatable if all forms of disinformation can truly be called political thuggery because propaganda can mislead while still being truthful.  Usually as clandestine as any operation is the practice of unlawful surveillance or espionage which can extend to wiretapping (including the modern digital equivalent) or infiltration of the organizational structures of one’s opponents and this can require some finesse so thuggery sometimes is a delicate business.  Delicate too is corruption and bribery which is practiced as widely as it is because few tactics are as effective.

Virago

Virago (pronounced vi-rah-goh (U) or vi-rey-goh (non-U))

(1) A loud-voiced, ill-tempered, scolding woman; shrew.

(2) A woman of strength or spirit; strong, brave, or warlike; an amazon.

Pre 1000: From the Middle English from the Old English, from the Latin virāgō (man-like maiden (in the sense of "female warrior, heroine, amazon"), the construct being vir (man) (from the primitive Indo-European root wi-ro (man)) + -āgō (the Latin suffix expressing association of some kind, in this case resemblance).  By the late fourteenth century, the meaning had absorbed the additional meaning of "heroic woman, woman of extraordinary stature, strength and courage" the sense again from the Latin vir (from which is derived virile) rather than being masculine in appearance.  The adjectival sense viraginous is now rare; virago-like the preferred form.

English gained the word from Ælfric of Eynsham (circa 995-circa 1010; Ælfrīc the Old English, his name rendered also in the Medieval Latin as Alfricus or Elphricus) an English abbot who proved the most prolific writer in Old English of biblical scholarship, devotional hagiography, homilies and notes on Church law.  Between 990-994, following the structures of the Vulgate Bible, he constructed The Homilies of Ælfric (also published as The Sermones Catholici), translating the Pentateuch and Joshua in 997-998, providing what was then a modern gloss of the name Adam gave to Eve in Genesis II:23: Beo hire nama Uirago, þæt is, fæmne, forðan ðe heo is of hire were genumen (Let her name be Virago, that is woman, because she is taken from man) which is rendered (Genesis II 21:23) in the more familiar King James Version (KJV (1611)) as:

21: And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;

22: And the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.

23: And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.

In Antiquity, virago had positive associations, the implication being that a woman who proved herself especially strong or valorous could be called a virago because she had proved herself somehow as worthy as a man (something like the "honorary white" status the Apartheid regime in South Africa would grant Maori members of touring All Black rugby teams).  The idea is acknowledged in modern dictionaries which usually contain and entry in the spirit of "a woman noted for her stature, strength and courage" but add also "a woman thought loud or overbearing; a shrew" and linguists note the latter definition is now the one most followed, the word long applied in the negative although the Royal Navy sticks to the classics, the Admiralty having named several warships HMS Virago.

Viraginous, one way or another: Lindsay Lohan lights up (The Canyons (2013)).

The Virago Book of Witches (2022 ISBN-13: 9780349016986) by Shahrukh Husain (b 1950).

Established by Australian Dame Carmen Callil (1938–2022) in 1972-1973 (originally under the name Spare Rib Books, the name borrowed from a magazine associated with second-wave feminism), Virago Press was created to focus on the work of women authors or work which focused on aspects of women’s experience ignored by most (mostly male) historians.  Dame Carmen probably had the classical meaning of virago in mind but it’s suspected she also didn’t object to notions of assertiveness or outright bolshieness.  Virago had an undisguised political agenda but, unlike many of the aggregations in the field which over decades had come and gone, it was always structured as a conventional publishing house, run on much the same commercial basis as other imprints.  From the start there was a focus of new work but the creation of a list was assisted greatly by what turned out to be an the extraordinary back-catalog of out-of-print books by neglected female writers, these issued under Virago’s "Modern Classics" insignia and trawling the records from the 1930s and 1940s provided a rich vein of neglected fiction by women.  Publishing is an unforgiving, cutthroat business and Virago has over the decades shunted between various corporations and is currently part of the French publishing conglomerate Hachette Livre, its output still prolific.

Marie Antoinette (1755–1793) in a Chemise Dress (with virago sleeves) (1783) by Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun (1755–1842).

Known since the late 1160s, virago sleeves became fashionable for women early in the seventeenth century.  Seamstresses describe the construction as "full-paned" or "full-pansied" (ie made of strips of fabric gathered into two puffs by a ribbon or fabric band above the elbow).  The adoption of the name virago is thought an allusion to armor may have worn in combat to assist them in the slaughter of men.