Enclave (pronounced ahn-kleyv (U) or en-klave (non-U))
(1) A country or (especially), an outlying portion of a
country, entirely or mostly surrounded by the territory of another country.
(2) In casual use (and as a quasi-technical term in
demography and sub-strains of applied geography), any (usually) small, distinct
area or group enclosed or isolated within a larger one.
(3) By extension, in politics, sociology etc, non-physically
defined subsets of a whole; a group that set off from a larger population by
its characteristics or behavior.
(4) To isolate or enclose (especially territory) within a
foreign or uncongenial environment; ie by an act of enclaving to created something
enclaved.
(5) In pathology, a detached mass of tissue enclosed in
tissue of another kind.
(6) In computer operating systems, an isolated portion of
an application's address space which places certain restrictions on access by
code outside the enclave (not to be confused with a sandbox (of which one or
more enclaves may be a part.
(7) In geology, an aggregate of minerals or rock found
inside another larger rock body.
1868: From the Middle French enclave, a noun derivative
of enclaver (to enclose), from the Old
French enclaver (to inclose, lock in), from the unattested Vulgar Latin inclāvāre (to lock in), the construct
being in- + clave. The prefix in- from the Proto-Italic en-, from the primitive Indo-European n̥- (not), a zero-grade form of
the negative particle ne (not) and
akin to ne-, nē & nī).
Clave was from clavis (key), from the Proto-Italic
klāwis which was either (1) a
secondary i-stem derivation of the primitive Indo-European kleu- & klēu (nail, pin, hook (the old instruments
(ie bars & bolts) used to secure the doors of primitive structures)) from
which Classical Latin also gained clāvus
(nail), an inherited Indo-European word originally denoting an instrument for
unlocking doors or (2) a loanword from the dialectal Ancient Greek κλᾱϝίς (klāwís) (in
the Classical: κλείς (kleís)), from
the same primitive Indo-European root. Enclave
is a noun, enclaved & enclaving are verbs and enclavish is the (rare) adjective;
the noun plural is enclaves.
In political geography, the use to describe a "small
portion of one country which is entirely surrounded by the territory of another"
dates from 1868 in English but it had been in use in French since the mid-fifteenth
century as a derivative of the thirteenth century verb enclaver which had since the late 1400s been a technical term in property
law describing “a parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a another which
could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner
without crossing the surrounding land”. The legal mechanism to resolve this was what
was called “servitude passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded
land”, a device which was essentially a personal easement. The word was first used in international law
when the Treaty of Madrid was signed in 1526 and enclave came to be applied to
just about any legally defined territory surrounded by land under other
ownership, proving popular in English and many other languages although, under
the Raj, "pocket" tended to be used instead and British geographical were
also called detachments within the UK while the Colonial Office invented “detached
dominions”. In the Church of England,
where the same concept existed as ecclesiastical districts, parishes, chapels
or churches which operated outside the jurisdiction of the bishop and
archdeacon of the diocese in which they were situated, the canon lawyers
invented “the peculiar”.
As used to describe a segmented memory space in computer
operating systems, enclaves are regarded by some as synonymous with sandboxes
but the two constructs have separate purposes.
An enclave is created by an application as a memory space protected from
the rest of the application yet if a call is made into the enclave, it remains
able to access all memory used by the application; this is a deliberate aspect
of the design. Those requiring bi-directional
exclusivity need to run their enclave (and in most cases thus the application) inside
a sandbox, sonthing which obviously limits functionality in a production
environment.
Enclave and exclave are distinct in legal definition and
geographical consequence but in idiomatic or metaphorical use, enclave is used almost
exclusively as a descriptor of anything where the idea is of something small
surrounded by a larger whole. It’s applied
especially in economic and social demography (white enclave; Chinese enclave
etc).
Exclave (pronounced eks-kleyv)
(1) A portion of a country geographically separated from
the main part by surrounding foreign territory.
(2) An outlying, detached portion of a gland or other
part, as of the thyroid or pancreas; an accessory gland.
1885-1890: Modeled on enclave, the construct was ex- +
-clave. In Middle English, the prefix ex- was applied to words borrowed from
Middle French. It was from the Latin ex- (out of, from), from the primitive Indo-European
eǵ- & eǵs- (out) and was cognate with the Ancient Greek ἐξ (out of, from), the Transalpine Gaulish ex- (out), the Old Irish ess- (out), the Old Church Slavonic изъ
(izŭ) (out) and the Russian из (iz) (from, out of). In English, the x in ex- sometimes is elided
before certain constants, being reduced to e- (eg ejaculate), almost always to
ensure spelling aligns with pronunciation.
In political geography, enclaves are territories (sometimes
a disconnected part of a larger territory) wholly surrounded by another state
or political entity and the edges need not be land borders, enclaves existing
sometimes within territorial waters. There
are also semi-enclaves which differ from enclaves in that they possess (at
least in part) a coastline which constitutes an un-surrounded sea border, thus
providing and outlet to international waters.
Depending on historical circumstances, enclaves and semi-enclaves can be independent states or remote
parts of sovereign states.
An exclave is that part of a state geographically
separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (which may be more
than one foreign entity) and exclaves are in some cases also enclaves. A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of
one country that can be conveniently approached only through the territory of
another country. Pene- is from the Latin
paene (almost).
At the international, national and sub-national level,
there are literally hundreds of enclaves and exclaves, illustrative examples
including:
The rather unimaginatively named Australian Capital Territory (ACT), site of Canberra,
the country’s artificially created capital, came about because during the
debates in the 1890s about the idea of federating the six colonies as the
Commonwealth of Australia, it became clear that the two largest states, New
South Wales (NSW) and Victoria, would never accede to either becoming the
national capital. Accordingly, it was
agreed the new capital would be located not less than 100 miles (160 km) from the
NSW capital (Sydney) and that the Victorian capital (Melbourne), would be the
seat of government until the new city was built. Thus some sheep country was carved from NSW
to become the ACT and there, Canberra was built. It’s very hot in summer, very cold in winter
and otherwise unremarkable other than having over the years soaked up
extraordinary amounts of money.
Just east of the exclave of Andorra, the little Spanish town
of Llivia lies some two kilometres (1¼ miles) from Spain’s border, surrounded completely by France,
thereby making it both enclave and exclave, depending on whether one views the
place from Madrid or Paris. The stranger
arrangement exists by virtue of the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), when Spain
ceded certain territories to France but the words in the document specified
that only villages were to be transferred.
Llivia had long been gazetted as a town so remained Spanish.
In the narrow technical sense Alaska is a pene-exclave
because although it cannot be reached overland except by transiting through Canada,
it can be reached by sea or air because its coastline leads to international
waters. Alaska ranks with the Louisiana
Purchase (in which the US in 1803 purchased from the French land equivalent to
about 20% the size of the modern contiguous 48 states for less than US$20 per
square mile) as the greatest real estate deals of all time. The US in 1867 purchased Alaska from Russia for
$7.2 million and during the twentieth century, there was much buyer’s remorse.
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