Golgotha (pronounced gol-guh-thuh or gol-goth-uh)
(1) In the Bible’s canonical Gospels, the hill near
Jerusalem on which Jesus Christ was crucified; the ancient (and now alternative)
name for Calvary.
(2) A place of suffering, sacrifice or martyrdom.
(3) A place of burial (rare and usually without an
initial capital).
(4) In eighteenth & nineteenth century Oxbridge
slang, rooms of the heads of the colleges (obsolete).
(5) In UK slang, a hat (an allusion to "the place of
the skulls" (obsolete)).
(6) A charnel house (an alternative name for a crypt or
ossuary).
(7) In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a representation of
Christ crucified.
1590–1600: From the Late Latin Golgotha, from the Ancient Greek Γολγοθᾶ (Golgothâ)
from the Aramaic (Semitic) גּוּלְגּוּלְתָּא (gulgultā) (literally “place of the skull”) and cognate with the Hebrew gulgōleth (skull). The hill gained the name because its shape was
skull-like. In Dutch the spelling was
originally Golgota which influenced
use in some early English translations of the Bible. The use of Calvary to refer to the mount on
which Christ was crucified dates from the late fourteenth century. It was from the Latin Calvariae, Calvariae & Calvaria
(related to calvus (bald)), from the
Ancient Greek Kraniou topos, a translation of the Aramaic gulgultā and the Old English used Heafodpannan stow as a loan-translation.
Historians agree Golgotha lay immediately beyond Jerusalem's
city walls but there’s no certainty about the exact location although the
tradition of pilgrimage has since the early Medieval period focused on the
southern chapels of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, probably because the site
received the imperial imprimatur within a century of Rome adopting
Christianity. However, speculation has
always been encouraged by the apparently contradictory passages in surviving
texts which can be interpreted in different ways, thus the suggestions of
alternative sites, a matter of some interest to scholars in the field but ignored
usually by most of Christendom for whom the Church of the Holy Sepulchre has for
so long been a place of veneration.
Beginning in the nineteenth century, there have been archeological
excavations but, two-thousand years on, the fragments and remains unearthed
have provided only material for speculative interpretation.
The uncertainty about the exact location of Golgotha casts
no doubt on the crucifixion of Jesus Christ as a historical event, described in
the Book of Mark 15:22-27 (King James Version (KJV (1611)):
And they bring him unto the
place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they gave him to drink wine mingled with
myrrh: but he received it not. And when
they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what
every man should take. And it was the
third hour, and they crucified him. And
the superscription of his accusation was written over, THE KING OF THE JEWS. And with him they crucify two thieves; the one
on his right hand, and the other on his left.
From what was done of the slopes of Golgotha followed the
resurrection, the central event of Christianity and the only vital component
for if one accepts the story of the resurrection then Christianity makes
sense. If one’s faith can’t make that
leap, Christianity is just another of the competing constructs of moral
theology.
For if we believe that Jesus
died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with
him. For this we say unto you by the
word of the Lord, that we which are alive and remain unto the coming of the
Lord shall not prevent them which are asleep.
For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the
voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall
rise first: Then we which are alive and
remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in
the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.
Wherefore comfort one another with these words. 1 Thessalonians 4:
14-18 (King James Version (KJV (1611)).
Canada's Golgotha (1918), sculpture in bronze by Francis Derwent Wood RA (1871-1926), photograph by F Hilaire d'Arcis (1845-1935), Royal Academy of Arts Collection, London.
Canada's Golgotha is a sculpture in bronze depicting a Canadian
soldier allegedly crucified on a barn door in occupied Belgium, surrounded by the
jeering German troops responsible for the atrocity, said to have taken place in
1915. There was during the First World
War (1914-1918) an extensive catalogue of atrocity stories including some quite
graphical imagery and there were an accepted part of the propaganda efforts on
both sides of the conflict but the event carved by Wood was never verified, the
contemporary witness statements later discredited. Immediately after the end of hostilities, the
German government objected to the sculpture being put on public display unless documentary
evidence could be produced which proved the incident took place. The Canadian government asserted such
evidence was in their hands but declined to furnish copies which provoked
further complaints from Berlin and ultimately, the sculpture was withdrawn from
the exhibition. It was kept in storage
until 1992 and has since been exhibited though the curators were careful to
explain the work was to be treated as an example of Christian art rather than something
part of the historic record of war. That
didn’t prevent controversy.
Controversial too was the event remembered as the Nemmersdorf massacre, a series of
atrocities against civilians perpetrated by Red Army soldiers during their
advance into East Prussia in October 1944.
The German army swiftly (though temporarily) retook Nemmersdorf and gathered
evidence of the violence, including a number of crucified bodies. The material was passed to the Nazi Propaganda
Ministry which immediately organized a publicity campaign illustrating this “Bolshevik
Barbarism”, intending to inculcate the population with a fanatical desire to
resist lest they suffer a similar fate. However,
there were still memories of the false atrocity stories from the earlier war
and the Nazi’s propaganda efforts, increasingly disconnected from reality, had
come to be regarded by many as the “fake news” of the day and the most notable
consequence of the campaign was panic and a flood of civilians evacuating the
eastern territories to trek west.
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