Novecento (pronounced no-vee-chen-toh)
(1) In
Italian, nine hundred (900).
(2) In
Italian the “twentieth century (1900s)”, the term used in the modern way to
define the century as 1900-1999 rather than the strictly correct 1901-2000.
(3) As Novecento Italiano (literally the “Italian
1900s”), the Italian artistic movement founded in Milan in 1922 with the aim of
representing the fascism of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945; Duce (leader) &
prime-minister of Italy 1922-1943) in artistic form.
An Italian
word which translates literally as nine-hundred (900), the construct being nove (nine) + cento (hundred).
Nove was from the Latin novem, from noven
(contaminated by decem, the original
form preserved in nōnus), from the Proto-Italic
nowem, from the primitive Indo-European
hnéwn̥, the cognates including the Sanskrit नवन् (navan), the Ancient Greek ἐννέα
(ennéa), the Gothic niun and the Old English nigon (which became the English nine). Cento
was from the Latin centum, from the Proto-Italic
kentom, from the primitive Indo-European
ḱm̥tóm, the formal
cognates including the Sanskrit शत
(śata), the Old Church Slavonic съто
(sŭto) and the Old English hund (from which English, with an
appended suffix, gained “hundred”. In Italian, the adjective novecentistico (feminine novecentistica, masculine plural novecentistici, feminine plural novecentistiche) is used generally of “twentieth
century art” while “Novecento Italiano”
was specifically of the movement (1922-1943) associated with Italian
fascism. However, “novecentistico” is sometimes used casually in the sense of “modern
art”. Novecento is a noun and novecentesco
& novecentistico are adjectives.
Mussolini, Italian fascism and the Novecento Italiano
In Italy and beyond, the curious
coming to power in 1922 of Benito Mussolini (an event less dramatic than the
Duce’s subsequent “March on Rome” propaganda
would suggest) triggered many events (Adolf Hitler (1889-1945; Führer (leader) and German head of government 1933-1945 & head of state 1934-1945) always acknowledging the debt the Nazi state owed because "Mussolini was the one who showed us it could be done") and one of the more
enduring footnotes of the epoch was the Novecento
Italiano, opportunistically announced as having been “formed” in Milan in 1922
(although some “members”
at the time appear not to have been aware they’d "joined". What attracted the movement’s founders was
the what Mussolini called “la visione fascista” (“the Fascist vision” and sometimes
translated as “the Fascist platform” (la
piattaforma fascista) although, as the years went by, most seemed to
conclude Mussolini dealt more in concepts than plans (even the so-called "corporate state" was never really "corporatized"). The Duce had expressed his disgust at the
decadence of the modern Italian people, believing they had been seduced by
French ways into “elevating cooking to the status of high art”, declaring he
would never allow Italy to descend to the level of France, a country ruined by “alcohol, syphilis and journalism”. His vision extended also to reviving national
vigour with “the
beneficial hygiene of war”, something which worked only until his
army was confronted by forces with more firepower than the brave but out-gunned
(and out-gassed) Abyssinian (Ethiopian) tribesman. Mussolini was harking back to the glories of
the Roman Empire which has once stretched from “Hadrian’s Wall to the first cataract of the
Nile, from Parthia to the Pillars of Hercules” and while so much of
fascism was fake and bluster, the Duce genuinely was intoxicated at the notion
he might be a “new Roman Emperor”.
Paesaggio urbano (Urban Landscape, circa 1924), oil on paper mounted on board by Mario Sironi. Despite his latter day reputation, not all Sironi's representations of streets and buildings were gloomy, cold scenes but the ones now most popular seem to be; they must suit the twenty-first century zeitgeist. Sironi was a devoted and leading Futurist and traces of that really never left his works; his most compelling technique was to exclude the human element from his urban scenes or deliberately have the figures dwarfed by the built environment. The supremacy of the state over the individual was a core component of fascism and although as a motif it isn't apparent in all of the Novecento Italiano's output, it's a recurrent theme in Sironi's works.
It was a
vision which appealed to a certain sort of artist, one with a mind full of the grandeur
of Italy's classical artistic heritage and the possibilities offered by science
and the techniques of modernity, something seen as an authentic continuation of
the works of Antiquity and the Renaissance whereas other threads in modern art,
like the Futurism which had come to dominate avant-garde Italian art, were
derided as “the
work of skilled draftsmen”.
Futurism had also been disruptive and Italy had suffered more from the
effects of World War I (1914-1918) that its status as a nominal victor might
have been expected and like Mussolini, one of the Novecento Italiano’s key
themes was a “return
to order”, presumably the cultural analogue of “making the trains run on time”. Again reflecting the post-Renaissance “construction”
of a certain “idea” of the perfection of things in the ancient world, the
movement sought a “return” to the Classical values of harmony, clarity, and
stability. They were pursuing a myth
which remains to some persuasive, even today.
The most obvious influence on the
movement was a return to the imagery associated with Antiquity (albeit with
many of the exemplars from later artists), with mythological or historical
subjects, emphasizing form and balance, a deliberate rejection of the abstraction
and dynamism of Cubism, Vorticism or Futurism.
Instead, a figurative and realist prevailed, an attempt deliberately to
place the movement as the inheritor of Italy’s artistic heritage. The movement was founded by a number of prominent
figures but remains most associated with art collector, critic & journalist
Margherita Sarfatti (1880–1961). That
focus is probably unfair to others but signora Sarfatti also wrote advertising copy
for the Partito Nazionale Fascista
(the PNF, the National Fascist Party) and perhaps more significantly, was also
Mussolini’s mistress, a form of administrative horizontal integration not
unfamiliar to the Duce. Prominent
members of the movement included Mario Sironi (1885-1961), known for his
monumental and often sombre depictions of urban landscapes and political
figures, Achille Funi (1890-1972) who focused on classical subjects with modern
interpretations and Felice Casorati (1883-1963), in many ways the most interesting
of the movement because few were more accomplished in the technique of fusing elements
of modernism with a sharp focus on form and structure; the (not always
complimentary) phrase “technical ecstasy” might have been invented to
critique his output. The most
comprehensive collection of the movement’s works is displayed in Rome’s La
Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (National Gallery of Modern
and Contemporary Art).
Donna al caffè (Woman in the Café, 1931), oil on canvas by Antonio Donghi (1897-1963). The subject matter (a lone woman at a café table) was familiar in European art but the artists of the Novecento Italiano anticipated the later technique of "photographic clarity", achieved with the air of stillness, reminiscent of the precision with which Renaissance portraits were staged though without their sumptuous detailing. As well as the movement's focus on clarity, order, and balance, there was a new interest in depicting "ordinary" urban citizens in scenes of a detached, almost serene realism. In the work of the Novecento Italiano, woman tended to be represented as what the fascist state would have liked their citizens to be.
The
comparisons with “Nazi art” are sometimes made but because art was a topic of
little interest to Mussolini (who preferred the Autostrada (the world’s first motorways (freeways)), tanks and
battleships, never in Italy as there anything so so dictatorial and the funding was spread to ensure the widest support for the regime. That was a contrast with Hitler who to his dying day never ceased to think of himself as “an
artist” and assumed the role of the Third Reich’s chief critic and censor,
meaning there was a recognizably political theme to the art of the period. Interestingly, while artists in the Reich
increasingly “worked
towards the Führer” and dutifully churned out what they knew would
be “regime
approved”, more than one memoir from his contemporaries recorded how
little interest he took in them, responding with delight only to stuff like
landscapes or portraiture he thought works of genuine beauty. Really, there were probably fewer than a couple
of dozen “Nazi” paintings or sculptures; it was just that hundreds of artists
produced them thousands of times.
Dafne (1934), oil on plywood by Felice Casorati. Casorati’s work often featured mythological subjects but unlike many he surrounded them with simplified forms, drawing attention to his sense of focus, precise structure and clarity. Here, Daphne (in Greek mythology transformed into a laurel, the tree sacred to Apollo), is rendered in a figurative, geometric style with flat, muted colors, the work, while obviously modernist, owing a debt to classical traditions, Mannerism and hinting even at the Italian Primitives.
So the movement was neither monolithic nor “political” in the way things were done in the Third Reich and certainly nothing like the even more severe regime which prevailed in comrade Stalin’s (1878-1953; Soviet leader 1924-1953) Soviet Union but it was supported to some extent by the Fascist state and while that association proved helpful, even before the tide of World War II (1939-1945) turned against Italy, as early as the mid-1930s the historic moment of Novecento Italiano had already passed as the world responded to the latest “shock of the new”, the language of surrealism and other adventures in abstraction capturing the imagination. When in 1943 Italian Fascism “burst like a bubble” and Mussolini was removed from power, the movement was dissolved. However, artistically, the legacy was real in that it did foster a dialogue between modernism and tradition in European art and ensured the Italian state during the inter-war years became involved in the commissioning of monumental and representational public art, beginning a tradition which continues to this day.