Mania (pronounced mey-nee-uh
or meyn-yuh)
(1) Excessive excitement or enthusiasm; craze; excessive
or unreasonable desire; insane passion affecting one or many people; fanaticism.
(2) In psychiatry, the condition manic disorder; a
combining form of mania (megalomania); extended to mean “enthusiasm, often of
an extreme and transient nature,” for that specified by the initial element; characterized
by great excitement and occasionally violent behavior; violent derangement of
mind; madness; insanity.
(3) In mythology, the consort of Mantus, Etruscan god of
the dead and ruler of the underworld. Perhaps
identified with the tenebrous Mater Larum, she should not be confused with the
Greek Maniae, goddess of the dead; In Greek mythology Mania was the
personification of insanity.
(4) In popular use, any behavior, practice, cultural phenomenon,
product etc enjoying a sudden popularity.
1350–1400: From the Middle English mania (madness), from the Latin mania
(insanity, madness), from the Ancient Greek μανία (manía) (madness, frenzy; enthusiasm, inspired frenzy; mad passion,
fury), from μαίνομαι (maínomai) (I am
mad) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā). The –ia suffix was from the
Latin -ia and the Ancient Greek -ία
(-ía) & -εια (-eia), which form abstract nouns of
feminine gender. It was used when names
of countries, diseases, species etc and occasionally collections of stuff. The Ancient Greek mainesthai (to rage, go mad), mantis (seer) and menos (passion, spirit), were all of uncertain origin but probably
related to the primitive Indo-European mnyo-,
a suffixed form of the root men- (to
think)," with derivatives referring to qualities and states of maenad (mind) or thought.
The sense of a "fad, craze, enthusiasm resembling
mania, eager or uncontrollable desire" dates from the 1680s, the use in
English in this sense borrowed from the French manie. In Middle English,
mania had sometimes been nativized as manye.
The familiar modern use as the second element in compounds expressing
particular types of madness emerged in the 1500s (bibliomania 1734, nymphomania,
1775; kleptomania, 1830; narcomania 1887, megalomania, 1890), the origin of
this being Medical Latin, in imitation of the Greek, which had a few such
compounds (although, despite popular opinion, most were actually post-classical:
gynaikomania (women), hippomania
(horses) etc).
The adjective maniac was from circa 1600 in the sense of "affected
with mania, raving with madness" and was from the fourteenth century French
maniaque, from the Late Latin maniacus, from the Ancient Greek maniakos, the Adoption in English
another borrowing from French use; from 1727 it came also to mean "pertaining
to mania." The noun, "one who is affected with mania, a madman" was
noted from 1763, derived from the adjective.
The adjective manic (pertaining to or affected with mania), dates from 1902,
the same year the clinical term “manic depressive” appeared in the literature
although, perhaps strangely, the condition “manic depression” wasn’t describe
until the following year although the symptoms had as early as 1857 been noted
as defined as “circular insanity”, from the from French folie circulaire (1854). It’s
now known as bi-polar disorder. The
constructions hypermania & submania are both from the mid-twentieth
century. The adjective maniacal was from
the 1670s, firstly in the sense of "affected with mania" and by 1701
"pertaining to or characteristic of a maniac; the form maniacally emerged
during the same era. Mania is quite
specific but craving, craze, craziness, enthusiasm, fad, fascination, frenzy,
infatuation, lunacy, obsession, passion, rage, aberration, bee, bug,
compulsion, delirium, derangement, desire & disorder peacefully co-exist.
Noted manias
Anglomania: An excessive or undue enthusiasm for England
and all things English; rarely noted in the Quai D'Orsay.
Anthomania: An extravagant passion for flowers; although
it really can’t be proved, the most extreme of these are probably the orchid
fanciers. Those with an extravagant passion
for weed are a different sub-set of humanity and are really narcomanics (qv) although
there may be some overlap.
Apimania: A passionate obsession with bees; beekeepers tend
to be devoted to their little creatures so among the manias, this
one may more than most be a spectrum condition.
Arithmomania: A compulsive desire to count objects and
make calculations; noted since 1884, it’s now usually regarded as being within
the rubric of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Bibliomania: A rage for collecting rare or unusual books. This has led to crime and there have been famous cases.
Cacodaemomania: The obsessive fixation on the idea that
one is inhabited by evil spirits. To the
point where it becomes troublesome it’s apparently rare but there are dramatic
cases in the literature, one of the most notorious being Anneliese Michel
(1952–1976) who was subject to the rites of exorcism by Roman Catholic priests
in the months before she died. The priests
and her parents (who after conventional medical interventions failed, also become convinced the cause of her problems was
demonic possession) were
convicted of various offences related to her death. Films based on the events leading up to death
have been released including The Exorcism
of Emily Rose (2005), Requiem
(2006) and Anneliese: The Exorcist Tapes
(2011).
Callomania: The obsessive belief in one’s own beauty,
even when to all others this is obviously delusional.
Dipsomania: The morbid craving for alcohol; in pre-modern
medicine, it was used also to describe the “temporary madness caused by excessive
drinking”, the origin of this being Italian (1829) and German (1830) medical
literature.
Egomania: An obsessive self-centeredness; it was known
since 1825 but use didn’t spike until Freud (and others) made it widely discussed after the 1890s and few terms from the early days of
psycho-analysis are better remembered.
Erotomania: Desperate love, a sentimentalism producing
morbid feelings.
Flagellomania: An obsessive interest in flogging and/or
being flogged, often as one’s single form of sexual expression and thus a
manifestation of monomania (qv). The
English Liberal Party politician Robert Bernays (1902-1945), the son of a
Church of England vicar, was a flagellomanic whose proclivities were, in the
manner of English society at the time, both much discussed and kept
secret. He was also an illustration of
the way such fetishes transcend other sexual categories.
Gallomania: An excessive or undue enthusiasm for France
and all things French; rarely noted in the British Foreign Office.
Graphomania: A morbid desire to write. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527; Italian diplomat,
philosopher and political advisor of the Renaissance) attributed many of the
problems he suffered to his graphomania and he was right, his sufferings
because of what he wrote, when it was written and about whom.
Hippomania: An excessive fondness for horses; an
affliction which often manifests as the intense and passionate interest in horses
developed by some girls who join pony clubs and fall in love.
Hypermania: There’s a definitional dualism to hypermania;
it can mean either an extreme example of any mania or, as used by clinicians,
specifically (and characterized usually by a mental state with high intensity
disorientation and often violent behavior), a severe case of bipolar disorder
(the old manic-depression). The earlier
term was hypomania (A manic elation accompanied by quickened perception), one
of the earliest (1882) clinical terms from early-modern psychiatry.
Kleptomania: The obsessive desire to steal; in early
(1830s) use, the alternative form was cleptomania. The klepto
element was from the Ancient Greek kleptes
(thief, a cheater), from kleptein (to
steal, act secretly), from the primitive Indo-European klep- (to steal), from the root kel-
(to cover, conceal, save) and was cognate with the Latin clepere (to steal, listen secretly to), the Old Prussian au-klipts (hidden), the Old Church
Slavonic poklopu (cover, wrapping)
and the Gothic hlifan (to steal)
& hliftus (thief). The history of the word kleptomania is of
interest also to sociologists in that as early as the mid-nineteenth century,
there was controversy about the use by those with the capacity to buy the
services of doctors and lawyers were able to minimize or escape the
consequences of criminal misbehavior by claiming a psychological motive. The argument was that the “respectable”
classes were afforded the benefit of this defense while the working class were
presumed to be inherently criminal and judged accordingly. The same debate, now also along racial
divides, continues today.
Logomania: An obsession with words. It differs from graphomania (qv) which is an
obsession to write; logomania instead is a fascination with words, their meanings and etymologies.
Megalomania: Delusions of greatness; a form of insanity
in which the subjects imagine themselves to be great, exalted, or powerful
personages. It was first used in the
medical literature in 1866 (from the French mégalomanie)
and came to be widely applied to many politicians and potentates the
twentieth century.
Micromania:
"A form of mania in which the patient thinks himself, or some part
of himself, to be reduced in size", noted first in 1879 and twenty years
later used also in reference to insane self-belittling. In the twentieth century and beyond,
micromania was widely used, sometimes humorously, to refer to things as varied
as the sudden consumer in interest in small cars to the shrinking size of
electronic components.
Monomania: An insane obsession in regard to a single
subject or class of subjects; applied most often in academic, scientific or
political matters but can be used about anything where the overriding mental
impulses are perverted to a specific delusion or the pursuit of a particular
thing.
Morphinomania: A craving for morphine; one of the
earliest of the words which noted specific addictions, it dates from 1885 but
earlier still there had been morphiomania (1876) and morphinism (1875) from the
German Morphiumsucht. In the medical literature, morphinomaniac
& morphiomaniac rapidly became common.
Narcomania: The uncontrollable craving for narcotic
drugs and a term which is so nineteenth century, the preferred modern form being variations of "addiction".
Necromania: An obsession to have sexual relations with
the bodies of the dead although, perhaps surprisingly, practitioners (those who
treat rather than practice the condition) classify many different behaviors
which they list under the rubric of necromania, some of the less confronting
being a morbid interest in funeral rituals,
morgues, autopsies, and cemeteries.
Those whose hobbies include the study of the architecture of crypts and
tombs or the coachwork of funeral hearses might be shocked to find there are psychiatrists who
classify them in the same chapters as those who enjoy intimacy with corpses.
Nymphomania: The morbid and uncontrollable sexual desire
in women. Perhaps the most celebrated
(and often sought) of the manias, it dates from 1775, in the English
translation of Nymphomania, or a Dissertation Concerning the Furor Uterinus
(1771) by French doctor Jean Baptiste Louis de Thesacq de Bienville (1726-1813),
the construct being the Ancient Greek nymphē
(bride, young wife; young lady) + mania.
The actual condition is presumed to have long pre-dated the term.
Onomatomania: One obsessively compelled to respond with a
rhyming word to the last word spoken by another (something possible even with orange and
silver). It’s thought to co-exist with
other conditions, especially schizophrenia.
Phonomania: An uncontrollable urge to murder; those who suffer this now usually described as the more accessible “homicidal maniac”. When applied especially to serial killers,
the companion condition (just further along the spectrum) is androphonomania
which, if properly argued, could be a defense against a charge of mass-murder
but counsel would need to be most assiduous in jury selection.
Plutomania: The obsessive pursuit of wealth (and used
sometimes in a clinical setting to describe an "imaginary possession of
wealth").
Pyromania: A form of insanity marked by a mania for
destroying things by fire. It was used
in German in the 1830s and seemed to have captured the imagination of Richard
Wagner (1813–1883); the older word for the condition was incendiarism.
Rhinotillexomania: Nose picking. Gross, but a thing which
apparently often manifests when young but fades, usually of its own volition or
in reaction to the disapprobation of others.
Trichotillomania: The compulsion to pull-out one’s
hair. The companion condition is trichtillophagia
which is the compulsive eating of one’s own hair, one of a remarkable number of
eating disorders.
Definitional variations in the criteria for mania, DSM-IV
& DSM-5
The study and classification of idea of manias had been
part of psychiatry almost from its origin as a modern discipline although the
wealth of details and fragmentation of nomenclature would come later, the
condition first noted “increased busyness”, the manic episodes characterized by
Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926; a founding father of psychiatric phenomenology) as those
of someone who was “…a stranger to
fatigue, his activity goes on day and night; work becomes very easy to him;
ideas flow to him.”
Whatever the advances (and otherwise) in treatment regimes,
little has changed in some aspects of the condition. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-5, 2013), the primary criterion of mania remains “a distinct period of abnormally and
persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood” and “abnormally and persistently increased
goal-directed activity or energy” but did extend duration of the event to
qualify for a diagnosis. In the DSM-IV
(1994), the criterion for a manic episode only required “a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood, lasting at least one week” whereas DSM-5 now requires in
addition the presence of “abnormally and
persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy”; moreover, these
symptoms must not only last at least one week, they must also be “present most of the day, nearly every day.”
The changes certainly affected the practice of the clinician,
DSM-5 substantially increasing the complexity associated with the diagnosis and
treatment of bipolar disorder, no longer requiring that clinically significant
symptoms which may be present should be ignored. All those years ago, Kraepelin conceptualized
manic-depression as a single illness with a continuum of episodic presentations
including admixtures of symptoms which have long since been considered opposing
polarity. DSM-5 thus represents an
advance with the possibility of improved treatment outcomes because it enables
clinicians to diagnose mood episodes and specify the presence of symptoms
inconsistent with pure episodes; a major depressive episode with or without
mixed features and manic/hypomanic episodes with or without mixed features.
The revisions in DSM-5 also reflect the efforts of the editors
over several decades to simplify diagnostic criteria while developing more
precise categories of classification. In
the DSM-IV, both bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder were included in
one chapter of mood disorders and a “mixed state” was a subtype of bipolar I
mania, a diagnosis of a mixed state requiring that criteria for both a manic
episode (at least three or four of seven manic symptoms) and a depressive
episode (at least five of nine depressive symptoms) were met for at least one
week. In DSM-5, bipolar disorder and
depressive disorders have their own chapters, and “mixed state” was removed and replaced with “manic episode with
mixed features” and “major depressive
disorder with mixed features.”
