Nail (pronounced neyl)
(1) A slender, typically rod-shaped rigid piece of metal,
usually in many lengths and thicknesses, having (usually) one end pointed and
the other (usually) enlarged or flattened, and used for hammering into or
through wood, concrete or other materials; in the building trades the most
common use is to fasten or join together separate pieces (of timber etc).
(2) In anatomy, a thin, horny plate, consisting of
modified epidermis, growing on the upper side of the end of a finger or toe; the
toughened protective protein-keratin (known as alpha-keratin, also found in
hair) at the end of an animal digit, such as fingernail.
(3) In zoology, the basal thickened portion of the
anterior wings of certain hemiptera; the basal thickened portion of the
anterior wings of certain hemiptera; the terminal horny plate on the beak of
ducks, and other allied birds; the claw of a mammal, bird, or reptile.
(4) Historically, in England, a round pedestal on which
merchants once carried out their business.
(5) A measure for a length for cloth, equal to 2¼ inches (57 mm) or 1⁄20 of an ell; 1⁄16 of a yard (archaic);
it’s assumed the origin lies in the use to mark that length on the end of a
yardstick.
(6) To fasten with a nail or nails; to hemmer in a nail.
(7) To enclose or confine (something) by nailing (often
followed by up or down).
(8) To make fast or keep firmly in one place or position
(also used figuratively).
(8) Perfectly to accomplish something (usually as “nailed
it”).
(9) In vulgar, slang, of a male, to engage in sexual
intercourse with (as “I nailed her” or (according to Urban Dictionary “I nailed
the bitch”).
(10) In law enforcement, to catch a suspect or find them
in possession of contraband or engaged in some unlawful conduct (usually as
“nailed them”).
(11) In Christianity, as “the nails”, the relics used in
the crucifixion, nailing Christ to the cross at Golgotha.
(12) As a the nail (unit), an archaic multiplier equal to
one sixteenth of a base unit
(13) In drug slang, a hypodermic needle, used for injecting
drugs.
(14) To detect and expose (a lie, scandal, etc)
(15) In slang, to hit someone.
(16) In slang, intently to focus on someone or something.
(17) To stud with or as if with nails.
Pre 900: From the Middle English noun nail & nayl, from the Old English nægl
and cognate with the Old Frisian neil,
the Old Saxon & Old High German nagal,
the Dutch nagel, the German Nagel, the Old Norse nagl (fingernail), all of which were
from the unattested Germanic naglaz. As a derivative, it was akin to the Lithuanian
nãgas & nagà (hoof), the Old Prussian nage
(foot), the Old Church Slavonic noga (leg,
foot), (the Serbo-Croatian nòga, the Czech
noha, the Polish noga and the Russian nogá,
all of which were probably originally a jocular reference to the foot as “a hoof”),
the Old Church Slavonic nogŭtĭ, the Tocharian
A maku & Tocharian B mekwa (fingernail, claw), all from the unattested
North European Indo-European ənogwh-. It was further akin to the Old Irish ingen, the Welsh ewin and the Breton ivin,
from the unattested Celtic gwhīnā,
the Latin unguis (fingernail, claw), from
the unattested Italo-Celtic əngwhi-;the
Greek ónyx (stem onych-), the Sanskrit ághri-
(foot), from the unattested ághli-; the
Armenian ełungn from the unattested onogwh-;the Middle English verbs naile, nail & nayle, the Old English næglian
and cognate with the Old Saxon neglian,
the Old High German negilen, the Old
Norse negla, from the unattested
Germanic nagl-janan (the Gothic was ganagljan). The ultimate source was the primitive Indo-European
h₃nog- (nail) and the use to describe the metal fastener was
from the Middle English naylen, from the Old English næġlan & nægl (fingernail (handnægl))
& negel (tapering metal pin),
from the Proto-Germanic naglaz
(source also of Old Norse nagl (fingernail)
& nagli (metal nail). Nail is a noun & verb, nailernailless
& naillike are adjectives, renail is a verbs, nailing is a noun & vern
and nailed is a verb & adjective; the noun plural is nails.
Nail is modified or used as a modifier in literally
dozens of examples including finger-nail, toe-nail, nail-brush, nail-file,
rusty-nail, garden-nail, nail-fungus, nail-gun & frost-nail. In idiomatic use, a “nail in one's coffin” is
a experience or event that tends to shorten life or hasten the end of something
(applied retrospectively (ie post-mortem) it’s usually in the form “final nail
in the coffin”. To be “hard as nails” is
either to be “in a robust physical state” or “lacking in human feelings or without
sentiment”. To “nail one's colors to the mast” is to declare one’s position on
something. Something described as “better
than a poke in the eye with a rusty nail” is a thing, which while not ideal, is
not wholly undesirable or without charm.
In financial matters (of payments), to be “on the nail” is to “pay at
once”, often in the form “pay on the nail”.
To “nail something down” is to finalize it. To have “nailed it” is “to
perfectly have accomplished something” while “nailed her” indicates “having
enjoyed sexual intercourse with her”. The “right” in the phrase “hit the
nail right on the head” is a more recent addition, all known instances of use
prior to 1700 being “hit the nail on the head” and the elegant original is much
preferred. It’s used to mean “correctly identify
something or exactly to arrive at the correct answer”. Interestingly, the Oxford English Dictionary
(OED) notes there is no documentary evidence that the phrase comes from “nail”
in the sense of the ting hit by a hammer.
Double-headed nails are used for temporary structures
like fencing. When the shaft is hammered
in to the point where the surface of the lower head is flat against the
surface of that into which it's being hammered, it leaves the upper head standing proud with just enough of the shaft
exposed to allow a claw-hammer to be used to extract nail. There is a story that as part of an environmental protest against the building or demolition of some structure (the tales vary), activists early one morning went to the temporary fencing around the contested site and hammered in all the double-headed nails. This is believed to be an urban myth.
The sense
of “fingernail” appears to be the original which makes sense give there were fingernails
before there were spikes (of metal or any other material) used to build stuff. The verb nail was from the Old English næglian (to fix or fasten (something)
onto (something else) with nails), from the Proto-Germanic ganaglijan (the source also of the Old Saxon neglian, the Old Norse negla,
the Old High German negilen, the German
nageln and the Gothic ganagljan (to nail), all developed from
the root of the nouns. The colloquial
meaning “secure, succeed in catching or getting hold of (someone or something)”
was in use by at least the 1760; hence (hence the law enforcement slang meaning
“to effect an arrest”, noted since the 1930s.
The meaning “to succeed in hitting” dates from 1886 while the phrase “to
nail down” (to fix in place with nails) was first recorded in the 1660s.
As a noun, “nail-biter” (worrisome or
suspenseful event), perhaps surprisingly, seems not to have been in common use
until 1999 an it’s applied to things from life-threatening situations to
watching close sporting contests. The
idea of nail-biting as a sign of anxiety has been in various forms of
literature since the 1570s, the noun nail-biting noted since 1805 and as a noun
it was since the mid-nineteenth century applied to those individuals who “habitually
or compulsively bit their fingernails” although this seems to have been purely
literal rather than something figurative of a mental state. Now, a “nail-biter” is one who is “habitually
worried or apprehensive” and they’re often said to be “chewing the ends of
their fingernails” and in political use, a “nail biter” is a criticism somewhat
less cutting than “bed-wetter”. The
condition of compulsive nail-biting is the noun onychophagia, the construct
being onycho- (a creation of the
international scientific vocabulary), reflecting a New Latin combining form,
from the Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux) (claw, nail, hoof, talon) + -phagia (eating, biting or swallowing),
from the Ancient Greek -φαγία (-phagía). A related form was -φαγος (-phagos) (eater), the suffix
corresponding to φαγεῖν (phageîn) (to eat), the infinitive of ἔφαγον
(éphagon) (I eat), which serves as
aorist (essentially a compensator for sense-shifts) (for the defective verb ἐσθίω
(esthíō) (I eat). Bitter-tasting nail-polish is available for those who wish to cure themselves. Nail-polish
as a product dates from the 1880s and was originally literally a clear
substance designed to give the finger or toe-nails a varnish like finish upon
being buffed. By 1884, it was being sold
as “liquid nail varnish” including shads of black, pink and red although
surviving depictions in art suggests men and women in various cultures have for
thousands of years been coloring their nails.
Nail-files (small, flat, single-cut file for trimming the fingernails)
seem first to have been sold in 1819 and nail-clippers (hand-tool used to trim
the fingernails and toenails) in 1890.
Pope Francis (b 1936; pope since 2013) at the funeral of
Cardinal George Pell (1941-2023), St Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican, January
2023.
The expression "nail down the lid" is a reference to the lid of a coffin (casket), the implication being one wants to make doubly certain anyone within can't possible "return from the dead". The noun doornail (also door-nail) (large-headed nail
used for studding batten doors for strength or ornament) emerged in the late
fourteenth century and was often used of many large, thick nails with a large
head, not necessarily those used only in doors.
The figurative expression “dead as a doornail” seems to be as old as the
piece of hardware and use soon extended to “dumb as a doornail” and “deaf as a
doornail). The noun hangnail (also
hang-nail) is a awful as it sounds and describes a “sore strip of partially detached
flesh at the side of a nail of the finger or toe” and appears in seventeenth
century texts although few etymologists appear to doubt it’s considerably older
and probably a folk etymology and sense alteration of the Middle English agnail & angnail (corn on the foot), from the Old English agnail & angnail. The origin is
likely to have been literally the “painful spike” in the flesh when suffering
the condition. The first element was the
Proto-Germanic ang- (compressed,
hard, painful), from the primitive Indo-European root angh- (tight, painfully constricted, painful); the second the Old
English nægl (spike), one of the
influences on “nail”. The noun hobnail was
a “short, thick nail with a large head” which dates from the 1590s, the first
element probably identical with hob (rounded peg or pin used as a mark or
target in games (noted since the 1580s)) of unknown origin. Because hobnails were hammered into the
leather soles of heavy boots and shoes, “hobnail” came in the seventeenth
century to be used of “a rustic person” though it was though less offensive
than forms like “yokel”.
Colors: Lindsay Lohan with nails unadorned and painted.
In the 1930s, the straight-8 became a favorite for
manufacturers of luxury cars, attracted by its ease of manufacture (components
and assembly-line tooling able to be shared with straight-sixes), the
mechanical smoothness inherent in the layout and the ease of maintenance
afforded by the long, narrow configuration.
However, the limitations were the relatively slow engine speeds imposed
by the need to restrict the “crankshaft flex” and the height of the units, a
product of the long strokes used to gain the required displacement. By the 1950s, it was clear the future lay in
big-bore, overhead valve V8s although the Mercedes-Benz engineers, unable to
forget the glory days of the 1930s when the straight-eight W125s built for the
Grand Prix circuits generated power and speed Formula One wouldn’t again see
until the late 1970s, noted the relatively small 2.5 litre (153 cubic inch)
displacement limit for 1954 and conjured up a quixotic final fling for the
layout. Used in both Formula One as the
W196R and in sports car race as the W196S (better rememberd as the 300 SLR) the
new 2.5 & 3.0 litre (183 cubic inch) straight-8s, unlike their pre-war predecessors, solved the issue of crankshaft flex
by locating the power take-off at the centre, adding mechanical fuel-injection
and a desmodromic valve train to make the things an exotic cocktail of ancient
& modern. Dominant during 1954-1955
in both Formula One & the Sports Car Championship, they were the last of
the straight-8s.
Across the Atlantic,
the US manufacturers also abandoned their straight-8s. Buick introduced their overhead valve (OHV)
V8 in 1953 but, being much wider than before, the new engine has to be slimmed
somewhere to fit between the fenders; it would not be until later the platform
was widened. To achieve this, the
engineers narrowed the cylinder heads, compelling both an conical (the
so-called “pent-roof”) combustion chamber and an arrangement in which the
sixteen valves pointed directly upwards on the intake side, something which not
only demanded an unusual pushrod & rocker mechanism but also limited the
size of the valves. So, the valves had
to be tall and narrow and, with some resemblance to nails, they picked up the
nickname “nail valves”, morphing eventually to “nailhead” as a description of
the whole engine. The valve placement
and angle certainly benefited the intake side but the geometry compromised the
flow of exhaust gases which were compelled through their anyway small ports to
make a turn of almost 180o on their way to the tailpipe.
It
wasn't the last time the head design of a Detroit V8 would be dictated by
considerations of width. When Chrysler
in 1964 introduced the 273 cubic inch (4.5 litre) V8 as the first of its LA-Series
(that would begat the later 318, 340 & 360 as well as the V10 made famous
in the Dodge Viper), the most obvious visual difference from the earlier A-Series
V8s was the noticeably smaller cylinder heads.
The A engines used as skew-type valve arrangement in which the exhaust
valve was parallel to the bore with the intake valve tipped toward the intake
manifold (the classic polyspherical chamber).
For the LA, Chrysler rendered all the valves tipped to the intake
manifold and in-line (as viewed from the front), the industry’s standard approach
to a wedge combustion chamber. The
reason for the change was that the decision had been taken to offer the compact
Valiant with a V8 but it was a car which had been designed to accommodate only
a straight-six and the wide-shouldered polyspheric head A-Series V8s simply
wouldn’t fit. So, essentially,
wedge-heads were bolted atop the old A-Series block but the “L” in LA stood for
light and the engineers wanted something genuinely lighter for the compact (in
contemporary US terms) Valiant.
Accordingly, in addition to the reduced size of the heads and intake
manifold, a new casting process was developed for the block (the biggest,
heaviest part of an engine) which made possible thinner walls.
322 cubic inch Nailhead in 1953 Buick Skylark convertible
(left) and 425 cubic inch Nailhead in 1966 Buick Riviera GS (with dual-quad MZ
package) (right). Note the “Wildcat 465”
label on the air cleaner, a reference to the claimed torque rating, something
most unusual, most manufacturers using the space to advertise horsepower or
cubic inch displacement (cid).
The nailhead wasn’t ideal for producing ultimate power but it did
lend itself to prodigious low-end torque, something much appreciated by Buicks
previous generation of buyers who has enjoyed the low-speed responsiveness of
the famously smooth straight-8. However,
like everybody else, Buick hadn’t anticipated that as the 1950s unfolded, the
industry would engage in a “power race”, something to which the free-breathing
Cadillac and Chrysler’s Hemis were well-suited.
The somewhat strangulated Buick Nailhead was not at all suited and to
gain power the engineers were compelled to add high-lift, long-duration
camshafts which enabled the then magic 300 horsepower number to be achieved but
at the expense of smoothness and tales of Buick buyers returning to the dealer
to fix the “rumpity-rump” idle became legion.
Still, the Nailhead was robust, relatively light and offered what was
then a generous displacement and the ever inventive hot-rod community soon
worked out the path to power was to use forced induction and reverse the valve
use, the supercharger blowing the fuel-air mix through the exhaust ports and the
exhaust gases through the larger intake ports.
Thus the for a while Nailhead enjoyed a career as a niche player although
the arrival in the mid 1950s of the much more tunable Chevrolet V8s ended the
vogue for all but a few devotees who continued use well into the 1960s. Buick acknowledged reality and, unusually,
instead of following the industry trend and drawing attention to cubic inch
displacement and horsepower, publicized their torque output, confusing some (though probably not Buick buyers who were a loyal crew).
Not confused was the United States Air Force (USAF)
which was much interested in power for its aircraft but also had a special need
for torque on the tarmac and that briefly meant another small niche for the Nailhead. The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird (1964-1979) was
a long-range, high-altitude supersonic (Mach 3+) aircraft used by the (USAF)
for reconnaissance between 1966-1998 and by the National Aeronautics &
Space Administration (NASA) for observation missions as late as 1999. Something of a high-water mark among the
extraordinary advances made in aeronautics and materials construction during
the 1950s & 1960s, the SR-71 used the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet
engine which used an innovative, secondary air-injection system to the
afterburner, permitting additional thrust at high speed. The SR-71 still holds a number of altitude
and speed records and Lockheed’s SR-72, a hypersonic unmanned aerial vehicle
(UAV) is said to be in an “advanced stage” of design and construction although
whether any test flights will be conducted before 2030 remains unclear, the
challenges of sustaining in the atmosphere velocities as high as Mach 6+
onerous given the heat generated.
Drawing from user manual for AG330 starter cart (left)
and AG330 starter cart with dual Buick Nailhead V8s.
At the time, the SR-71 was the most
exotic aircraft on the planet but during testing and early in its career, to
fly, it relied on a pair of even then technologically bankrupt Buick Nailhead V8s.
These were mounted in a towed cart and were effectively the turbojet’s
starter motor, a concept developed in the 1930s as a work-around for the
technology gap which emerged as aero-engines became too big to start by hand
but no on-board electrical systems were available to trigger ignition. The two Nailheads were connected by gears to
a single, vertical drive shaft which ran the jet up to the critical speed at
which ignition became self-sustaining.
The engineers chose the Nailheads after comparing them to other large
displacement V8s, the aspect of the Buicks which most appealed being the torque
generated at relatively low engine speeds, a characteristic ideal for driving
an output shaft. After the Nailhead was
retired in 1966, later carts used Chevrolet big-block V8s but in 1969 a pneumatic
start system was added to the infrastructure of the USAF bases from which the
SR-71s most frequently operated, the sixteen-cylinder carts relegated to
secondary bases the planes rarely used.
