Suicide (pronounced soo-uh-sahyd)
(1) The intentional taking of one's own life.
(2) By analogy, acts or behavior, which whether intentional or not, lead to the self-inflicted destruction of one's own interests or prospects.
(3) In automotive design, a slang term for rear doors hinged from the rear.
(4) In fast food advertising, a niche-market descriptor of high-calorie products deliberately or absurdly high in salt, sugar and fat.
(5) A trick in the game Diabolo where one of the sticks is released and allowed to rotate 360° round the diabolo until it is caught by the hand that released it.
(6) In Queensland (Australia) political history, as suicide squad, the collective name for the additional members of the Legislative Council (upper house) appointed in 1921 solely for the purpose of voting for its abolition.
(7) In sardonic military slang, as suicide mission, a description for an operation expected to suffer a very high casualty rate.
(8) A children's game of throwing a ball against a wall and at other players, who are eliminated by being struck.
(9) Pertaining to a suicide bombing, the companion terms being suicide belt & suicide vest.
(10) In electrical power, as "suicide cable (or cord, lead etc)", a power cord with male connections each end and used to inject power from a generator into a structing wiring system (highly dangerous if incorrectly used).
(11) In drug slang, the depressive period that typically occurs midweek (reputedly mostly on Tuesdays, following weekend drug use.
(12) In US slang, a beverage combining all available flavors at a soda fountain (known also as the "graveyard" or "swamp water".
(13) As "suicide runs" or "suicide sprints", a form of high-intensity sports training consisting of a series of sprints of increasing lengths, each followed immediately by a return to the start, with no pause between one and the next.
1651: From the New Latin suīcīdium (killing of oneself), from suīcīda and thought probably of English origin, the construct being the Latin suī (genitive singular of reflexive pronunciation of se (one’s self)) from suus (one’s own) + cīdium (the suffix forms cīda & cide) from caedere (to kill). The primitive European root was s(u)w-o (one's own) from the earlier s(w)e and new coining displaced the native Old English selfcwalu (literally “self-slaughter”). Suicide is a noun & verb, suicidal is a noun & adjective, suicider is a noun; the noun plural is suicides. Pedantic scholars of Latin have never approved of the word because, technically, the construct could as well be translated as the killing of a sow but, in medieval times, purity had long deserted Latin and never existed in English. The modern meaning dates from 1728; the term in the earlier Anglo Latin was the vaguely euphemistic felo-de-se (one guilty concerning himself). It may be an urban myth but there was a story that a 1920s editor of the New York Times had a rule that anyone who died in a Stutz Bearcat would be granted a NYT obituary unless the death was a suicide. Suicide is a noun & verb, suicidal is a noun & adjective, suicider, suicidology, suicidalist, suicidality, suicidalness & suicidism are nouns, suicidogenic is an adjective, suicided is a verb & adjective, suiciding is a verb and suicidally is an adverb; the noun plural is suicides.
Suicide Squads
HH Asquith (1852-1928) and his youthful friend Venetia Stanley (1887–1948).
Although few were quite as vituperative as Paul Keating (b 1944; Prime Minister of Australia 1991-1996) who once describes the members of the Australian Senate as "unrepresentative swill", governments in the twentieth century often found upper houses to be such a nuisance they schemed and plotted ways to curb their powers or, preferably, do away with them entirely. As the electoral franchise was extended, governments were sometimes elected with what they considered a mandate to pursue liberal or progressive policies while upper houses, by virtue of their composition and tenure (some with life-time appointments) often acted as an obstruction, rejecting legislation or imposing interminable delays by sending proposed laws to be “discussed to death” in committees from which “nothing ever emerged”. This was the situation which confronted the glittering Liberal Party cabinet of HH Asquith (1852–1928; UK prime minister 1908-1916) which in 1909 found the Lords, in defiance of long established convention, blocking passage of the budget. The Lords was wholly unelected, its membership mostly inherited, sometimes by virtue of some service (virtuous or otherwise) by an ancestor hundreds of years before. Successive elections didn’t resolve the crisis and Asquith resolved to pursue the only lawful mechanism available: the creation of as many peers as would be necessary (in the hundreds) to secure the passage of his legislation.
Terry Richardson's (b 1965) suicide-themed shoot with Lindsay Lohan, 2012.
That of course required royal ascent and the newly enthroned George V (1865–1936; King of the United Kingdom & Emperor of India 1910-1936), while making his reservations clear, proved a good constitutional monarch and made it known he would follow the advice of his prime-minister. As it turned out, the “suicide squad” wasn’t required, their Lordships, while not at all approving of the government, were more appalled still at the thought of their exclusive club being swamped with “jumped-up grocers” in “bad hats” and allowed the legislation to pass. Actually, “castration squad” might have been a more accurate description because while the Lords survived, Asquith ensured it would be less of an obstacle, substituting the road block of its power of veto with a speed-bump, a right to impose a two-year delay (in 1949 reduced to six months). The New Labour administration (1997-2010) introduced further reforms which were designed eventually to remove from the Lords all those who held seats by virtue of descent and even the Tories later moved in that direction although the efforts have stalled and a few of the hereditary peers remain. As things now stand, the last remaining absolute veto the Lords retain is to stop an attempt by a government to extend a parliament's life beyond five years.
The preserved Legislative Council chamber in Queensland's Parliament House.
Some upper house assassins however truly were a suicide squad. In Australia, the state of Queensland followed the usual convention whereby the sub-national parliaments were bicameral, the Legislative Council the upper house and like the others, it was a bastion of what might now be called "those representing the interests of the 1%" and a classic example of white privilege. Actually, at the time, the lower houses were also places of white privilege but the Australian Labor Party (ALP) had long regarded the non-elected Legislative Council (and upper houses in general) as undemocratic and reactionary so in 1915, after securing a majority in the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) which permitted the party to form government, they sought abolition. The Legislative Council predictably rejected the bills passed by the government in 1915 & 1916 and a referendum conducted in 1917 decisively was lost; undeterred, in 1920, the government requested the governor appoint sufficient additional ALP members to the chamber to provide an abolitionist majority. In this, the ALP followed the example of the Liberal Party in the UK which in 1911 prevailed upon the king to appoint as many new peers as might be needed for their legislation to pass unimpeded through an otherwise unsympathetic House of Lords. That wasn’t needed as things transpired but in Queensland, the new members of the Legislative Council duly took their places and on 26 October 1921, the upper house voted in favor of abolition, the new appointees known forever as "the suicide squad". Despite the success, the trend didn't spread and the Commonwealth parliament and those of the other five states remain bicameral although the two recent creations, established when limited self-government was granted to the Northern Territory (NT) and Australian Capital Territory (ACT), both had unicameral assemblies.
Across the Tasman Sea (which locals call "the ditch"), the New Zealand upper house lasted another three decades but it’s eventual demise came about not because of conflict but because the institution was increasing viewed as comatose, rejecting nothing, contributing little and rarely inclined even to criticize. Unlike in England and Queensland, in New Zealand the abolition movement enjoyed cross-party support, left and right (although the latter in those days were pretty leftist), united in their bored disdain. One practical impediment was the New Zealand parliament couldn’t amend the country’s constitution because no government had ever bothered to adopt the Statute of Westminster (1931) by which the Imperial Parliament had granted effective independence to the Dominions but in 1947 this was done. Despite that, the Labour Party didn’t act and after prevailing in the 1950 general election, it was a National Party administration which passed the Legislative Council Abolition Act, its passage assured after a twenty-member “suicide squad” was appointed and the upper house’s meeting of 1 December 1950 proved its last. Opposition from within the chamber had actually been muted, presumably because to sweeten the deal, the government used some of the money saved to pay some generous “retirement benefits” for the displaced politicians. New Zealand since has continued as a unitary state with a unicameral legislature.
Pineapples.
In
the Far East (the practice documented in Japan, the PRC (People's Republic of
China) and the renegade province of Taiwan), fruit sellers offer pineapples for
sale of the basis of “Murder” (谋杀 and variants) or “Suicide”
(自殺する and variants). Ominous as it sounds, it's just commercial
shorthand. Pineapples being more
difficult to handle than many fruits, fruit shops offer the “murder” service in
which staff will (for a small fee) peel and chop as required. Those prepared to do their own preparation at
home can take the “suicide” option and (at a lesser cost) purchase the whole
fruit, skin and all. There are many
reasons to eat pineapple.
Suicide
doors
1928 Mercedes-Benz Nürburg (W08) with four rear-hinged doors.
It
wasn’t until the 1950s the practice of hinging doors from the front became
(almost) standardized. Prior to that,
they’d opened from the front or rear, some vehicles featuring both. The rear-hinged doors became known as suicide doors because they were
genuinely dangerous (in the pre-seat belt era), the physics of them opening while the car was at speed had the effect of dragging the
passenger into the airstream.
Additionally, it was said they were more likely to injure people if struck by
passing vehicles while being opened although the consequences of being struck by a car sound severe whatever the circumstances.
2021 Rolls-Royce Phantom VIII Tempus.
Still used in the 1960s by Lincoln, Ford and Rolls-Royce, they were phased out as post-Nader safety regulations began to be applied to automotive design and were thought extinct when the four door Ford Thunderbirds ceased production in 1971. However, after being seen in a few design exercises over the decades, Rolls-Royce included them on the Phantom VII, introduced in 2003, the feature carried over to the Phantom VIII in 2017. Like other manufacturers, Rolls-Royce has no fondness for the term suicide doors, preferring to call them coach doors; nomenclature from other marketing departments including flex doors and freestyle doors. Engineers are less impressed by silly words, noting the correct term is rear-hinged and these days, mechanisms are included to ensure they can be opened only when the vehicle is at rest. Encouraged by the reaction, Rolls-Royce brought back the rear-hinged door for their fixed (FHC) and drop-head (DHC) coupés although, despite the retro-touch, the factory seems now content usually to call them simply coupés and convertibles.
In a nod to a shifting market, when the fifth generation Thunderbird was introduced in 1967, the four-door replaced the convertible which had been a staple of the line since 1955. Probably the only car ever visually improved by a vinyl roof, the four-door was unique to the 1967-1971 generation, its replacement offered only as a coupé. The decision effectively to reposition the model was taken to avoid a conflict with the new Mercury Cougar, the Thunderbird moving to the "personal coupé" segment which would become so popular. So popular in fact that within a short time Ford would find space both for the Thunderbird and the Continental Mark III, changing tastes by the 1970s meaning the Cougar would also be positioned there along with a lower-priced Thunderbird derivative, the Elite. Such was the demand for the personal coupé that one manufacturer successfully could support four models in the space, sometimes with over-lapping price-points depending on the options. The four-door Thunderbirds are unique in being the only car ever built where the appearance was improved by the presence of a vinyl roof, the unusual semi-integration of the rear door with the C pillar necessitating something be done to try to conceal the ungainliness, the fake "landau irons" part of the illusion.
1967 Lincoln Continental convertible. The later cars with the longer wheelbase are popular as wedding cars because the suicide doors can make ingress & egress more elegant for brides with big dresses although those with big hair often veto the lowering of the roof until after the photos have been taken. The combination of the suicide door, the four-door coachwork and perhaps even the association with the death of President Kennedy has long made the convertible a magnet for collectors but among American cars of the era, it is different in that although the drive-train is typical of the simple, robust engineering then used, it's packed also with what can be an intimidating array of electrical and hydraulic systems which require both expertise and equipment properly to maintain. That need has kept a handful of specialists in business for decades, often rectifying the mistakes of others. It was unique; after the last of the even rarer Mercedes-Benz 300d Cabriolet Ds left the line in 1962, Lincoln alone offered anything in the once well-populated niche.
LBJ's 1964 Lincoln Continental convertible.The four-door convertible's most famous owner was Lyndon Johnson (LBJ, 1908–1973; US president 1963-1969) who would use it to drive visitors around his Texas ranch (often with opened can of Pearl beer in hand according to LBJ folklore). While never a big seller (21,347 made over seven years and it achieved fewer than 4,000 sales even in its best year), it was the most publicized of the line and to this day remains a staple in film & television productions needing verisimilitude of the era. The convertible was discontinued after 1967 when 2276 were built, the two-door hardtop introduced the year before out-selling it five to one. The market had spoken; it would be the last convertible Lincoln ever produced and it's now a collectable, LBJ's 1964 model in 2024 selling at auction for US$200,000 and fully restored examples without a celebrity connection regularly trade at well into five figures, illustrating the magic of the coach-work.
A mother watching her daughter enter her 1963 Lincoln Continental, the door held open by the girl's brother. These are two of the family's 2.66 (1964 average) children.
Ford's advertising agency rose to the occasion when producing copy for the four-door convertible. They certainly had scope because it was unique so many superlatives and adjectives which usually were little more than "mere puffery" would in this case have been literally true. It was though a case of making "a silk purse from a sow's ear" because Lincoln adopted the suicide doors only because the car's wheelbase was too short for conventionally (forward) hinged doors to provide a sufficiently wide gap for entry and exit. While that may sound a strange thing to plague a new design, the 1961 Continental was built on the platform of a proposed Ford Thunderbird which would have been available only with a two-door body and despite what the advertising copy suggests, even with the use of suicide doors, access to the rear compartment was tight, something not rectified until the wheelbase (123 inches (3,124 mm) for 1961-1963 & 126 inches (3,200 mm) for 1964-1969) was extended.
Lincoln Continental concepts, Los Angeles Motor Show, 2002 (left) and New York Motors Show 2015 (right).
The Lincoln Continental for decades remained successful after the "great des-sizing" began in 1979 and despite the perceptions of some, the generation which was least-well received was that (1982-1987) based on Ford's smaller "Fox" platform, sales rebounding when the larger eighth generation (1988-1994) made it debut and that was despite the switch to FWD (front-wheel-drive) and the lack of a V8; clearing for Lincoln buyers it was size which mattered rather than the details of what lay beneath and presumably many neither knew, could tell or cared it was FWD. Interest by the late 1990s was however dwindling and the nameplate suffered a fourteen year hiatus between 2002-2016. Unfortunately, the resuscitation (without suicide doors) used as its
inspiration the concept car displayed at the 2015 New York International Auto
Show rather than the one so admired at Los Angeles in 2002. The LA concept might not have been original
but was an elegant and accomplished design, unlike what was offered in NYC fifteen years
later: a dreary mash-up which looked something like a big Hyundai or a Chinese knock-off of a Maybach. The public response was muted.
2019 Lincoln Continental Eightieth Anniversary Edition.
The tenth generation (2017-2020) managed what were by historic standards modest sales but by 2019, it seemed clear the thing was on death-watch but Lincoln surprised the industry with a batch of eighty LWB (long wheelbase) models with suicide doors to mark the eightieth anniversary of the Continental’s introduction in 1939. Although there were those who suggested the relatively cheap process of a stretch and a re-hinge of the back-doors was a cynical way to turn a US$72K car into one costing US$102K and was likely aimed at the Chinese market where a higher price tag and more shiny stuff is thought synonymous with good taste, the anniversary models were sold only in the home market. Although even at the high price there was enough demand to induce ford to do a run of another 150 (non-commemorative) suicide door versions for 2020, the retro gesture proved not enough to save the breed and it was announced production
would end on 30 October 2020 with no replacement listed. Not only was the announcement expected but so was the reaction; the market having long lost interest in the uninspiring twenty-first century Continentals, few expressed regret. The name-plate however, one of the most storied in the Ford cupboard, will doubtless one day return. What it will look like is unpredictable but few expect it will match the elegance of what was done in the 1960s.
Haile
Selassie I (1892-1975; Emperor of Ethiopia 1930-1974) being received by a ceremonial
guard after alighting from the 1966 Vanden Plas Princess 4 Litre (DM4) Limousine
of the Governor-General of Jamaica, 21 April 1966 (left) and Vanden Plas
Princess with suicide doors open (right).
Emperor
Haile Selassie’s 1966 state visit to Jamaica and the Caribbean has since been celebrated
by Rastafari as “Grounation Day”, the term based on the emperor declining to
walk on the red carpet provided in accordance with protocol because he wished
to “make contact with the soil”. Among
many of the Rastafari (a movement which emerged in the 1930s, taking its name
from Ras (the emperor’s pre-imperial name Ras) Haile Selassie was worshipped as
God incarnate, the messiah who deliver the peoples of Africa and the African
diaspora to freedom. The limousine had
been delivered to the island some six weeks earlier for the use of Elizabeth II
(1926-2022; Queen of the UK and other places, 1952-2022) during her royal tour
after which, she returned to London and the car was re-allocated to Government
House as the viceroy’s official vehicle. While it looked like something left over from the pre-war years, for its intended
purpose it was ideal, the rear compartment capacious, luxuriously trimmed and
tall, making it suitable for those wearing even the highest plumed hats. Into this welcoming space, occupants stepped
through suicide doors which offered unparalleled ease of entry and departure.
1965 Vanden
Plas Princess 4 Litre (DM4) Limousine Landaulette (left) and 1940s advertisement
for Dickson automatic rear door-locks.
Based on a
car which was even upon its debut in 1952 was rather old fashioned, by 1968
when production finally ended, the Vanden Plas Princess was, stylistically and
technically, a true relic and it’s remarkable that complete with a split windscreen,
it was a contemporary of machines like the Lincoln Continental, Jaguar XJ6 and NSU Ro80. It was very much a case it being better to be inside a DM4 looking (and for some, waving) out than on the outside looking in. What must seem even more
remarkable was that despite picking up a nickname like “suicide doors”,
governments for decades did nothing to compel manufacturers to fit the small,
cheap mechanisms (available on the aftermarket for US$3.95 a pair) which would prevent the doors opening while the car was in motion. These potentially life-saving devices were not expensive and if installed in
bulk on production lines, the unit cost would not much have exceeded
US$1.00. It was another world and not
until the 1960s did the rising death toll compel legislatures to take seriously
the matter of automotive safety.
When used
by the wedding and hire car industries, some operators took advantage of many
of the English limousines from the 1950s & 1960s being fitted with version
of the GM (General Motors) Hydramatic automatic transmission, installing in
each centre-post a dead-bolt activated by an electrical solenoid, the system
triggered by “on” by the shift lever being in drive (locking the rear doors) and “off”
by moving the lever to neutral (withdrawing the bolt). Vanden Plas did at least on some models include on the dashboard a
pair of red lights which brightly would glow if the corresponding
left or right door was not completely closed.
The much more expensive Rolls-Royce limousines had no such “safety
lights”; passengers in those were on their own.
It was not a theoretical problem because there were many documented
cases of passengers, especially those sitting (without seat belts) in the
jump-seats leaning against the doors, sometimes pressing down the handle, cause
the door to open.
1960 Facel Vega Excellence EX1
If compatible (which seems improbable given the novelty of this French approach to door-latch design), the Dickson
locks would have been a worthwhile addition for the Facel Vega Excellence
(1956-1964) which, in a triumph of fashion over function, had no central pillar
at all, the suicide doors secured only by a locking mechanism in the door sill,
something which worked well in static testing but on the road, lateral stresses
induced during cornering meant the doors were apt to “fly open”. The completely pillarless look did however
look good so there was that. Powered by a variety of Chrysler V8s, the "big" Facel Vegas (1954-1964 and mostly coupés, 156 sedans & a handful of cabriolets) were France's finest cars of the post-war years but the decision to produce a smaller range doomed the company. The idea was sound and the market existed but the French-made four-cylinder engine proved chronically (and insolubly) unreliable and by the time a version powered by a robust Volvo unit was ready, warranty claims and the costs of the re-engineering had driven Facel Vega bankrupt.
Lure of the tragic
Evelyn McHale: "The most beautiful suicide".
Predictably,
it’s the suicides of celebrities (however defined) which attract most interest
but there’s a fascination also with those by young women and that’s
understandable because of the lure of youthful beauty and tragedy. The photograph remembered as “the most beautiful suicide” was taken by
photography student Robert Wiles (1909-1991), some four minutes after the
victim's death. Evelyn Francis McHale
(1923–1947) was a bookkeeper who threw herself to her death from the 86th-floor
observation deck of New York's Empire State Building, landing on a Cadillac
limousine attached to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) which was
parked on 34th street, some 200 feet (60 m) west of Fifth Ave. The police would later find he last note which
read: “I don’t want anyone in or out of
my family to see any part of me. Could you destroy my body by cremation? I beg of you and my family – don’t have any
service for me or remembrance for me. My
fiance asked me to marry him in June. I
don’t think I would make a good wife for anybody. He is much better off without
me. Tell my father, I have too many of
my mother’s tendencies.” It was reported her mother suffered from “an undiagnosed and untreated depression”.
Mary
Miller and the "Genesee Hotel Suicide". Earlier postcard of the Genesse Hotel with eighth floor ledge indicated by yellow arrow (left) and Mr Sorgi's photograph (centre) of the suicide's aftermath (right).
In many
parts of the world, it’s now unusual if someone is not carrying a device able
instantly to capture HD (high-definition) images & video footage but until relatively recently, cameras rarely were taken from the home unless to use them at
set piece events such as vacations or parties.
Not only are people now able to record what they see but within seconds,
images and clips can be transmitted just about anywhere in the world, some “going
viral”. This proliferation of content
has had many implications, one noted phenomenon it seeming now more likely
someone will film another at imminent risk of death or injury than offer to
assist; psychiatrists, sociologists and such have offered views on that but the
behaviour, at least in some cases might be better explained by lawyers and economists.
In 1942 it
was mostly professional photographers who routinely would have to hand a camera
and the devices were not then like the instantly available “point & shoot”
technology of the digital age, the process then a cocktail of loading physical
film-stock, assessing the light, adjusting the aperture and maybe even swapping
lens. The photograph (the lens wide-open
and the shutter was set to a 1000th of a second), of Mary Millar (1907-1942), mid-flight
in her leap to death from an eighth-floor ledge of the Genesee Hotel in
Buffalo, New York was a thing most unusual: an anyway rare event happening when
someone stood ready to take the picture.
When published, the photograph was captioned “Suicide” or “The Genesee Hotel Suicide” but
the popular press couldn’t resist embellishment, one using the title “The Despondent
Divorcee” which was in the tabloid tradition of “making stuff up”;
Ms Millar had never been married and not in a relationship. She left no suicide note.
Ignatius
Russell Sorgi (1912-1995) was a staff photographer on Buffalo’s Courier Express
who on 7 May, 1942 happened to take a different route back to the office when
he saw a police car speeding down the road, sirens blaring. Accordingly, in the “ambulance chasing”
tradition, he followed, not knowing what he’d see but knew it might be
news-worthy and gain him a front-page credit: “I snatched my camera from the car and took
two quick shots as she seemed to hesitate…As quickly as possible I shoved the
exposed film into the case and reached for a fresh holder. I no sooner had pulled the slide out and got
set for another shot than she waved to the crowd below and pushed herself into
space. Screams and shouts burst from the
horrified onlookers as her body plummeted toward the street. I took a firm grip on myself, waited until
the woman passed the second or third story, and then shot.”
