Undertaker (pronounced uhn-der-tey-ker)
(1) A
person whose profession is the preparation of the dead for burial or cremation
and the management of funerals (like embalmer, now mostly a historic reference,
the preferred modern terms being funeral director or mortician)
(2) A
person receiving land in Ireland during the Elizabethan era, so named because
they gave an undertaking to abide by several conditions regarding marriage, to
be loyal to the crown, and to use English as their spoken language (obsolete,
now used only for historic references).
(3) A
contractor for the royal revenue in England, one of those who undertook to
manage the House of Commons for the king in the Addled Parliament of 1614
(obsolete, now used only for historic references).
(4) A
person who undertakes something (became rare because of the likelihood of
confusion with funeral directors but "undertake", "undertaking" and "undertaken" now common).
Historically, the word was associated in Middle and early Modern English
with those running businesses but as the association with embalming and burials
became pervasive, it came to be replaced with the French entrepreneur.
1350–1400:
A compound word under- + -take- + -er, a back-formation from the earlier undertake (after undernim (from the Middle
English undernimen, from the Old
English underniman (to take in,
receive, comprehend, understand, blame, be indignant at, take upon oneself,
steal), the construct being under- + nim. It was cognate with the Dutch ondernemen (to undertake, attempt) and
the German unternehmen (to undertake, attempt). Under is from the Middle English under-, from the Old English under-, from the Proto-Germanic under, from the primitive Indo-European n̥dhér (lower) and n̥tér (inside).
Take is
from the Middle English taken (to
take, lay hold of, grasp, strike), from the Old English tacan (to grasp, touch), of North Germanic origin, from the Old
Norse taka (to touch, take), from the
Proto-Germanic tēkaną (to touch), from the primitive Indo-European dehig- (to
touch). Gradually, it displaced the Middle
English nimen (to take), from the Old
English niman (to take). It was cognate with the Icelandic and
Norwegian Nynorsk taka (to take), the
Norwegian Bokmål ta (to take), the Swedish
ta (to take), the Danish tage (to take, seize), the Middle Dutch taken (to grasp), the Dutch taken (to take; grasp) and the Middle
Low German tacken (to grasp); tackle
is related.
The –er suffix was added to verbs to create a
person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an
agent noun. It added to a noun it
denoted an occupation. The suffix is
from the Middle English -er & -ere, from the Old English -ere, a borrowing from the Proto-Germanic
-ārijaz, thought to have been
borrowed from Latin -ārius and
reinforced by the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or & -eor (the
Anglo-Norman variant of which was -our),
from the Latin -(ā)tor, from the primitive Indo-European -tōr.
Mercedes-Benz 600 Hearse
In English, undertaker was an agent noun from the verb undertake, the early meaning, strictly speaking, "a contractor of any sort hired to perform some task" but it was applied mostly to those engaged is some sort of commercial enterprise. There had long been instances of the use of “funeral-undertaker” but by the 1690s, “undertaker” had come to mean almost exclusively those whose profession was to “embalm and bury”. Most etymologists conclude this organic shift to linguistic exclusivity came via the word being used as a euphemism for the mechanics of the profession, matters of mortality something of a taboo topic.
Undertaker faded from use as “mortician” and “funeral director” came to be preferred, firstly in the US with the latter soon becoming the standard form in the rest of the English-speaking world. It was at the July 1895 meeting of the Funeral Directors' Association of Kentucky that it was proclaimed “…an undertaker will no longer be known as an "undertaker and embalmer." In the future he will be known as the "mortician." This soon spread and the term undertaker is now almost unknown except in historic references or in figurative use in fields such as politics and sport. In general use, the words "undertake", "undertaken" or "undertaking" are now used to describe just about any activity and with no sense of a taint of association with corpses.
In the narrow technical sense, even in modern use, the terms funeral director, mortician, and undertaker mean the same thing (a person who supervises or conducts the preparation of the dead for burial and directs or arranges funerals" Nuances have however emerged, especially in the US where a funeral director tends to be someone who owns or operates a funeral home whereas the term mortician implies a technical role, a person who handles the body (the embalmer) in preparation for a funeral. Often of course, these roles are combined, especially in smaller operations so for practical purposes, funeral director and mortician are generally interchangeable. Although it would probably once have seemed a bizarre construction, there are also now funeral celebrants who officiate at ceremonies not (or only vaguely) connected with religious practice and are thus analogous to the civil celebrants who perform secular marriage ceremonies. They're not directly connected with the school of thought which prefers to "celebrate a life" rather than "mourn a death" at a funeral, an approach which can be taken even in an overtly religious service.
So it's largely a matter of how those within the profession prefer to style themselves and Funeral Director seems now the most popular choice although mortician remains widely used in the US. Mirriam-Webster provides:
Funeral Director: A person whose job is to arrange and manage funerals.
Mortician: A person whose job is to prepare dead people to be buried and to arrange and manage funerals.
Undertaker: One whose business is to prepare the dead for burial and to arrange and manage funerals.
1967 Mercedes-Benz 600 (W100) hearse by German coach builders, Pollmann of Bremen.
Lindsay Lohan in habit, emerging from hearse in Machete (2010). The Machete hearse was based on a 1987 Cadillac Brougham (1987-1992).
Between 1931-1979, General Motors' Cadillac division offered a line called the Cadillac Commercial Chassis, a long-wheelbase, heavy-duty platform which was mechanically complete but with a partially built body (without bodywork rear of the windscreen, doors and other panels included on request). Produced on the D platform (exclusive to Cadillac), the "Commercial Chassis" was used by coach-builders to create high-roofed ambulances, hearses (often called funeral coaches in the US) and cleverly designed hybrids which at short notice could be converted from ambulances to hearses or used by a coroner's staff to transport a corpse; these multi-purpose devices were popular in towns with small populations. The early Commercial Chassis were based on the Series 355 (1931-1935) and the Series 75 (1936-1992) from 1936 and although there were specific modification to the frame, the mechanical components were always shared with the 75 which, used for the big limousines, meant costs were amortized across the ranges. After 1980, production continued on the downsized platform but there was no longer a separate D platform, the partially bodied cars structurally identical to the mainstream line.
1960 Mercedes-Benz 300d Cabriolet D (left) and 1960 Cadillac hearse (Funeral Carriage) on the Commercial Chassis (right).
Dating from the age of horse drawn carriages, the landau irons (which some coachbuilders insist should be called "carriage bars") on the rear side-panels of hearses emulate in style (though not function) those used on carriages and early automobiles (the last probably the Mercedes-Benz 300 (the “Adenauer”; W186 (1951-1957) & W189 (1957-1962)) Cabriolet D). On those vehicles, the irons actually supported the folding mechanism for the fabric roof but on hearses they are merely decorative, there to relieve the slab-sidedness of the expanse of flat metal. The alternative approach with hearses is to use a more conventional glass panel, usually with curtains fitted which can be drawn as desired. In many cases, there is a desire to make the coffin (casket) as visible as possible because some, to permit the dead a final act of conspicuous consumption, are crafted with some extravagance.
1971 Ford Thunderbird with standard vinyl roof (left) and 1967 Ford Thunderbird with the vinyl removed (right).
There was however one curious use of a stylized iron for a purpose which was both functional and aesthetic. When, in a sign of the times, the 1967-1971 Ford Thunderbird included a four-door sedan rather than a convertible as a companion to the coupés in the range, the sedans were fitted with the combination of the irons and a vinyl roof. In this one, unique, case the irons and the vinyl actually improved rather than detracted from the appearance because, built on a surprisingly short wheelbase, the Thunderbird had to be fitted with rather short rear doors (also compelling the use of the front-opening "suicide door" configuration) and to accommodate the shape of C-pillar, each had to intrude on the other. What the (always dark) vinyl and the sweep of the irons did was conceal the compromise and for that reason, this generation of Thunderbirds is probably the only car where vinyl roofs are rarely removed because exposing the metal results in a very strange look. Because (1) they're ugly and (2) they trap moisture, thereby encouraging rust, removing a vinyl roof usually improves the appearance of a car but this is the one exception.
